Gastropods from Recent Hot Vents and Cold Seeps: Systematics, Diversity and Life Strategies

Abstract

Since the first discovery of hydrothermal vents at the Galapagos Spreading Center in 1977, gastropods have gained considerable attention as a major constituent of the chemosynthesis-based biological communities, especially the colonies of large species like Alviniconcha, Ifremeria and Lepetodrilus, or morphologically strange ones like the scaly-foot snail. Various types of symbiotic relations to bacteria have broadened the interest in them. During more than 30 years numerous vent and seep biotopes have been found mainly in temperate seas, but recently hydrothermal vents off Jan Mayen in the North Atlantic at 80°N and cold seeps off Norway between 67°N and 70°N (Haakon Mosby Mud Volcano) with chemosynthesis-based fauna (see Warén and Bouchet 2001; Desbruyères et al. 2006: 516–517 for map). Biology of these vent/seep organisms is still in an early state of exploration; much of what is known is summarized in the monographs by Van Dover (2000) and Desbruyères et al. (2006). Vent/seep taxa have also been a major target in research on higher phylogeny and systematics of gastropods. Several new families were established in the 1980s, based on seemingly “great differences” in morphology.

Appendices

Appendix 7.1: References to Internal Anatomy of Vent/Seep-Associated Gastropods

Higher taxon	Family	Species	References
Patellogastropoda	Neolepetopsidae	Eulepetopsis vitrea	Fretter 1990: 531–544
		Neolepetopsis denstata	Fretter 1990: 545–546
		Neolepetopsis gordensis	Fretter 1990: 546–547
		Neolepetopsis occulta	Fretter 1990: 545
		Paralepetopsis floridensis	Fretter 1990: 547–548
		Paralepetopsis rosemariae	Beck 1996: 89–90
	Pectinodontidae	Bathyacmaea jonassoni	Beck 1996: 90–92
		Bathyacmaea secunda	Sasaki et al. 2006a: 295–303
Vetigastropoda	Pyropeltidae	Pyropelta bohlei	Beck 1996: 93
		Pyropelta corymba	McLean and Haszprunar 1987: 200–202
		Pyropelta musaica	McLean and Haszprunar 1987: 198–200
		Pyropelta ryukyuensis	Sasaki et al. 2008: 309–310
	Lepetodrilidae	Clypeosectus curvus	Haszprunar 1989a: 5–10
		Clypeosectus delectus	Haszprunar 1989a: 5–10
		Gorgoleptis emarginatus	Fretter 1988: 58–64
		Gorgoleptis patulus	Fretter 1988: 65–67
		Gorgoleptis spiralis	Fretter 1988: 64–65
		Lepetodrilus guaymasensis	Fretter 1988: 54–56
		Lepetodrilus cristatus	Fretter 1988: 53–54
		Lepetodrilus elevatus	Fretter 1988: 35–50
		Lepetodrilus fucensis	Fretter 1988: 56–58
		Lepetodrilus gordensis	Johnson et al. 2006: 155–156
		Lepetodrilus nux	Sasaki 1998: 94–100
		Lepetodrilus ovalis	Fretter 1988: 50–53
		Lepetodrilus pustulosus	Fretter 1988: 35–49
		Lepetodrilus schrolli	Beck 1993: 171–173
		Pseudorimula marianae	Haszprunar 1992: 5–10
	Sutilizonidae	Sutilizona theca	Haszprunar 1992: 3–5
		Temnocinclis euripes	Haszprunar 1992: 3
		Temnozaga parilis	Haszprunar 1992: 3
	family uncertain, Segenzioidea	Ventsia tricarinata	Kunze et al. 2008: 124
Neomphalina	Melanodrymiidae	Melanodrymia aurantiaca	Israelsson 1998: 105–108; Haszprunar 1989: 176–180
	Neomphalidae	Neomphalus fretterae	Fretter et al. 1981: 338–353
		Pachydermia laevis	Israelsson 1998: 95–105
		Symmetromphalus hageni	Beck 1992: 246–254
	Peltospiridae	Echinopelta fistulosa	Fretter 1989: 149–150
		Hirtopelta hirta	Fretter 1989: 150–152
		Hirtopelta tufari	Beck 2002: 252
		Nodopelta heminoda	Fretter 1989: 146–147
		Nodopelta subnoda	Fretter 1989: 148–149
		Peltospira delicata	Fretter 1989: 141–145
		Peltospira operculata	Fretter 1989: 141–145
		Rhynchopelta concentrica	Fretter 1989: 125–141
		scaly foot gastropod	Warén et al. 2003: supporting on-line material
Neritimorpha	Neritidae	Bathynerita naticoidea	Warén and Bouchet 1993: 3–6
	Phenacolepadidae	Olgasolaris tollmanni	Beck 1992: 266–269
		Shinakilepas tufari	Beck 1992: 262–265
		Shinkailepas myojinensis	Sasaki et al. 2006a: 2–14
Caenogastropoda	Provannidae	Alviniconcha hessleri	Warén and Bouchet 1993: 56–64
		Ifremeria nautilei	Beck 1991: 282–284 as Olgaconcha tufari; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 64–71
		Provanna sculpta, P. laevis, P. adametoides, P. variabilis and P. lomana	Warén and Ponder 1991: 28–48
	Buccinidae	Buccinum thermophilum	Harasewych and Kantor 2002: 40–43
	Conidae	Phymorhynchus moskalevi	Sysoev and Kantor 1995: 22–25

Appendix 7.2: References to Protoconch Morphology of Vent/Seep-Associated Gastropods

Higher taxon	Family	Species	References
Patellogastropoda	Neolepetopsidae	Eulepetopsis vitrea	McLean 1990a: pl. VII, fig. h
		Neolepetopsis densata	Gustafson and Lutz 1994: figs. 4.11–4.12; Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 15a–c
		Paralepetopsis floridensis	McLean 1990a: pl. X, fig. g
		Paralepetopsis sasakii	Warén and Bouchet 2009: fig. 3C, E, F
Vetigastropoda	Family uncertain, Vetigastropoda	Sahlingia xandaros	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 15d
	Pseudococculinidae	Amphiplica gordensis	McLean 1991: figs. 29, 30
		Tentaoculus granulatus	Warén and Bouchet 2009: fig. 5D
	Lepetodrilidae	Clypeosectus delectus	McLean 1989a: fig. 9C, F; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 2J–K
		Gorgoleptis emarginatus	Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 2H
		Gorgoleptis sp.	Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 2G
		Lepetodrilus atlanticus	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 15i
		Lepetodrilus elevatus	Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 1E
		Lepetodrilus elevatus galriftensis	Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 1D
		Lepetodrilus fucensis	Johnson 2006: fig. 5A–B
		Lepetodrilus nux	Sasaki et al. 2003: fig. 11D
		Lepetodrilus ovalis	Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 1F
		Lepetodrilus schrolli	Beck 1993: pl. 5, fig. 1
		Lepetodrilus sp.	Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 1A–C
		Pseudorimula marianae	McLean 1989a: fig. 13B
		Pseudorimula midatlantica	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 15h
	Sutilizonidae	Sutilizona pterodon	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 15g
		Sutilizona theca	McLean 1989a: fig. 4F
		Sutilizona tunnicliffae	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 15f
	Scissurellidae	Sinezona sp.	Warén and Bouchet 1989: fig. 4
	Family uncertain, Seguenzioidea	Adeuomphalus collinsi	Kano et al. 2009: fig. 4D, E
		Adeuomphalus elegans	Kano et al. 2009: fig. 3F, I
		Adeuomphalus trochanter	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 15l; Kano et al. 2009: fig. 2F
		Ventsia tricarinata	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 18I
	Seguenziidae	Bathymargarites symplector	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 1A–C
	Turbinidae	Bruceiella athlia	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 15e
		Bruceiella globulus	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 18E–F
		Protolira valvatoides	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 18D, G
Neomphalina	Family uncertain	Helicrenion reticulatum	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 32C
		Vetulonia phalcata	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 18C
	Melanodrymiidae	Leptogyra costellata	Warén and Bouchet 2009: fig. 8A
		Leptogyra inflata	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 32A
		Melanodrymia aurantiaca	Warén and Bouchet 1989: fig. 82; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 4A, C
		Melanodrymia galeronae	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 15k
	Neomphalidae	Lacunoides vitreus	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 29f
		Neomphalus fretterae	McLean 1981: fig. 10A; Warén and Bouchet 1989: fig. 79; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 2D–E
		Planorbidella planispira	Warén and Bouchet 1989: fig. 84
		Retiskenea diploura	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 15j; Okutani and Fujikura 2002: fig. 2B
		Solutigyra reticulata	Warén and Bouchet 1989: figs. 89–90
		Symmetromphalus hageni	Beck 1992: pl. 3, fig. 4
		Symmetromphalus regularis	McLean 1990b: fig. 14
	Peltospiridae	? Peltospiridae sp. A	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 32F
		Ctenopelta porifera	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 26F
		Depressigyra globulus	Warén and Bouchet 1989: fig. 83; Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 15o
		Echinopelta fistulosa	Gustafson and Lutz 1994: figs. 4.9
		Lirapex costellata	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 15m
		Lirapex granularis	Warén and Bouchet 1989: fig. 88; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 3G–H
		Lirapex humata	Warén and Bouchet 1989: fig. 87
		Nodopelta subnoda	McLean 1989b: fig. 29
		Pachydermia laevis	Warén and Bouchet 1989: figs. 85–86
		Pachydermia sculpta	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 32E
		Peltospira operculata	Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 3E
		Peltospira operculata?	Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 3D
		Peltospira smaragdina	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 15n
		Rhynchopelta concentrica	McLean 1989b: figs. 37–38; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 3A–B
Neritimorpha	Neritidae	Bathynerita naticoidea	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 30d–e
	Phenacolepadidae	Olgasolaris tollmanni	Beck 1992: pl. 5, figs. 1–2
		Shinkailepas briandi	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 32f
		Shinkailepas myojinensis	Sasaki et al. 2003: fig. 13C
		Shinkailepas tufari	Beck 1992: pl. 1, fig. 5
Caenogastropoda	Elachisinidae	Laeviphitus desbruyeresi	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 37b
		Laeviphitus japonicus	Okutani et al. 1993: figs. 39–40
	Provannidae	Alviniconcha hessleri	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 44C
		Cordesia provannoides	Warén and Bouchet 2009: fig. 11D, G
		Desbruyeresia cancellata	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 44E
		Desbruyeresia marisindica	Okutani et al. 2004: fig. 4B
		Desbruyeresia spinosa	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 44D
		Provanna reticulata	Warén and Bouchet 2009: fig. 10J
		Provanna segonzaci	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 57A–B
		Provanna spp.	Warén and Ponder 1991: fig. B, D, F
		Provanna variabilis	Gustafson and Lutz 1994: figs. 4.14–4.15
	Rissoidae	Alvania stenolopha	Bouchet and Warén 1993: fig. 1447
		Alvania cf. stenolopha	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 37a
		Pseudosetia azorica	Bouchet and Warén 1993: figs. 1603–4
	Conidae	Phymorhunchus sp.	Gustafson and Lutz 1994: figs. 4.17
		Phymorhynchus alberti	Bouchet and Warén 1980: fig. 239
		Phymorhynchus ovatus	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 42a
Heterobranchia	Hyalogyrinidae	Hyalogyra vitrinelloides	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 42C
		Hyalogyrina globularis	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 37f
		Hyalogyrina rissoella	Warén and Bouchet 2009: fig. 12K
		Hyalogyrina umbellifera	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 37e, g
	Orbitestellidae	Lurifax japonica	Sasaki and Okutani 2005: fig. 1C
		Lurifax vitreus	Warén and Bouchet 2001: fig. 37c–d
	Xylodisculidae	Xylodiscula major	Warén and Bouchet 1993: fig. 42A–B

Appendix 7.3: A List of Gastropods Described from Recent Vents and/or Seeps Up to the End of 2009

Families, genera and species are arranged alphabetically within clades. Unavailable names that appeared in the past literature are excluded. Type localities are given for the species distributed in more than a single vent/seep area. Abbreviations: EPR, East Pacific Rise; JdF, Juan de Fuca Ridge; MAR, Mid-Atlantic Ridge; WP, West Pacific. *Undescribed or unidentified species. [ ] Probably not vent-seep species.

Clade Patellogastropoda

Family Neolepetopsidae

• 1. Eulepetopsis vitrea McLean 1990. McLean 1990b: 503, pls. VIIa–i, VIIIa–j, IXa–f; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 123, figs. 2b, g, 14c, appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 170, figs. 3–5; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 83. EPR: 21°N–17°S (type locality: 21°N), Galapagos Spreading Center, 2,447–2,635 m, vent.

• 2. Neolepetopsis densata McLean 1990. McLean 1990b: 496, pls. IIIa–g, IVa–d; Gustafson and Lutz 1994: figs. 4.10–4.12; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 123, figs. 2a, 3a, 15a–c, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 84. EPR: 13–12°N (type locality: 12°N), Galapagos Spreading Center, 2,630–2,735 m vent.

• 3. Neolepetopsis gordensis McLean 1990. McLean 1990b: 492, pls. Ia–h, IIa–g; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 84. EPR: Gorda Ridge, 41°N (type locality); South of Gulf of California, 20°N; possibly also off Peru, 5°S; 3,200–3,271 m, vent/seep.

  *Neolepetopsis cf. gordensis McLean 1990. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 120, figs. 2d, 3f–g; Kiel 2004: 170, figs. 1–2. Gorda Ridge, south of Gulf of California, off Peru, 5°S, 3,200–3,795 m.

• 4. Neolepetopsis occulta McLean 1990. McLean 1990b: 501, pl. VIa–g; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 84 EPR: 21°N, 1,990 m, vent.

• 5. Neolepetopsis verruca McLean 1990. McLean 1990b: 499, pl. Va–g; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 84. EPR: 21°N, 2,593 m, vent.

• 6. Paralepetopsis ferrugivora Warén and Bouchet 2001. Kiel 2004: 170, figs. 6–7; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 123, figs. 2e–f, 3b–e, 4a–b, e, 14a–b, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 85. MAR: Lucky Strike, 37°N, ca. 1,700 m, vent.

• 7. Paralepetopsis floridensis McLean 1990 McLean 1990b: 510, pls. Xa–h, XIa–f; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. Florida Escarpment, 3,270 m, seep.

• 8. Paralepetopsis lepichoni Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 125, figs. 2c, 5a–f, appendix 2; Okutani and Iwasaki 2003: 2, fig. 2B; Sasaki et al. 2005: 107. WP: Nankai Trough: south off Shizuoka Prefecture (type locality), south-southeast off Cape Muroto, Japan, 2,140–3,571 m, seep.

• 9. Paralepetopsis rosemariae Beck 1996. Beck 1996: text-fig. 2, pl. 1, figs. 1–7; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2 WP: Edison Seamount, 1,483 m, vent.

• 10. Paralepetopsis sasakii Warén and Bouchet 2009. Warén and Bouchet 2009: 2331, figs. 2A–E, 3A–I. Regab site, West Africa, 750–3,150 m, seep.

Family Pectinodontidae (“Acmaeidae”)

• 11. Bathyacmaea jonassoni Beck 1996. Beck 1996: text-fig. 3, pl. 2, figs. 1–7; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: Edison Seamount, 1,483 m, vent.

• 12. Bathyacmaea nipponica Okutani et al. 1992. Okutani et al. 1992: 140, figs. 7–11; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Sasaki et al. 2005: 109. WP: Off Hatsushima, Sagami Bay, 1,110–1,200 m, seep

• 13. Bathyacmaea secunda Okutani et al. 1993. Okutani et al. 1993: 130, figs. 13–19; Okutani and Fujiwara 2000: 124, figs. 2–3; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Sasaki et al. 2003, figs. 2, 3A; Fuchigami and Sasaki 2005: 156, fig. 10H; Sasaki et al. 2005: 109, fig. 12D. Okinawa Trough: Minami Ensei Knoll (type locality), Iheya Ridge, North Knoll of Iheya Ridge, Izena Hole, 700–1,049 m, vent.

• 14. Bathyacmaea subnipponica Sasaki et al. 2003. Sasaki et al. 2003: 193, fig. 6; Sasaki et al. 2005: 111, fig. 12E. WP: Nankai Trough: Ryuyo Canyon, 1,100 m, seep

• 15. Bathyacmaea tertia Sasaki et al. 2003. Sasaki et al. 2003: 190, figs. 3B, 4, 5; Sasaki et al. 2005: 111, fig. 12F. WP: Okinawa Trough: North Knoll of Iheya Ridge, 996–1,000 m, vent

  *Bathyacmaea sp. 1. Okutani and Iwasaki 2003: 2; Sasaki et al. 2005: 111. WP: Off Cape Muroto, Nankai Trough, Japan, 3,571 m, seep.

  *Bathyacmaea sp. 2. Sasaki et al. 2003: 195; Sasaki et al. 2005: 111. WP: Sumisu Caldera, Japan, 676 m, vent.

• 16. Serradonta kanesunosensis Sasaki et al. 2003. Sasaki et al. 2003: 195, fig. 8; Sasaki et al. 2005: 108, fig. 12A. WP: Kanesunose Bank, Nankai Trough, 284–322 m, seep.

• 17. Serradonta vestimentifericola Okutani et al. 1992. Okutani et al. 1992: 139, figs. 2–6; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Sasaki et al. 2005: 109, fig. 12B–C. WP: Off Hatsushima, Sagami Bay, 1,110–1,200 m, seep.

Family Lepetidae

*Bathylepeta sp. [mistake for Iothia] Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 740–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom?

Clade Vetigastropoda

Family uncertain

• 18. Sahlingia xandaros Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 129, figs. 7d–f, 8a–b, 9a–d, 15d, 16h, appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 171: fig. 10. EP: Aleutian Trench, 4,800–4,900 m, seep.

Superfamily Fissurelloidea

Family Fissurellidae

• [19.] Clathrosepta becki McLean and Geiger 1998. McLean and Geiger 1998: 14, fig. 7; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: Manus Basin, Vienna Woods, 2,494 m, vent.

• [20.] Clathrosepta depressa McLean and Geiger 1998. McLean and Geiger 1998: 13, fig. 6; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. EPR: 13°N, 1,160 m, vent.

• [21.] Cornisepta levinae McLean and Geiger 1998. McLean and Geiger 1998: 22, fig. 13; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. EPR: 13°N, 1,775 m, vent.

• [22.] Cornisepta verenae McLean and Geiger 1998. McLean and Geiger 1998: 23, fig. 14; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. EP: JdF, Axial Seamount, 1,530 m, vent.

• 23. Puncturella parvinobilis Okutani et al. 1993. Okutani et al. 1993: 128, figs. 8–12; Okutani and Fujiwara 2000: 123, fig. 4; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Sasaki et al. 2003: 197, fig. 10; Sasaki et al. 2005: 111, fig. 13A. WP: Okinawa Trough: Minami Ensei Knoll (type locality), North Knoll of Iheya Ridge, Izena Hole, 690–1,340 m, vent.

• 24. Puncturella rimaizenaensis Okutani et al. 1993. Okutani et al. 1993: 126, figs. 2–7; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Sasaki et al. 2005: 112, fig. 13B. WP: Okinawa Trough: Izena Hole, 1,340 m, vent.

• 25. Puncturella similis Warén and Bouchet 2009. Warén and Bouchet 2009: 2335, figs. 2H–I, 6H–J. Guiness Site, West Africa, 750 m, seep.

• 26. Puncturella solis Beck 1996. Beck 1996: pl. 3, figs. 1–9; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: Edison Seamount, 1,492 m, vent.

*Puncturella sp. 1. Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 740–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom?

*Puncturella sp. 2. Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 740–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

Superfamily Lepetelloidea

Family Lepetellidae

*Lepetella sp. Olu-Le Roy et al. 2004: table 2. Anaximander area, Eastern Mediterranean Sea, ca. 1,700–2,000 m, seep, on vestimentiferan tube.

Family Pseudococculinidae

• 27. Amphiplica gordensis McLean 1991. McLean 1991: 44, fig. 25–32; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. Gorda Ridge, 3,305 m, vent.

• 28. Tentaoculus granulatus Warén and Bouchet 2009. Warén and Bouchet 2009: 2333, figs. 5A–H. Off Angola, West Africa, 1,307 m, seep.

*Tentaoculus? sp. Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. New Zealand, seep.

Family Pyropeltidae

• 29. Pyropelta bohlei Beck 1996. Beck 1996: text-fig. 4, pl. 4, figs. 1–7; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 93 WP: Edison Seamount, 1,483 m, vent.

• 30. Pyropelta corymba McLean and Haszprunar 1987. McLean and Haszprunar 1987: 200, figs. 9–11; McLean 1992b: 409, figs. 17–24; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 125, figs. 4c–d, 6c–f, 7a–b, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 93. Guaymas Basin, seep (type locality) and Oregon Margin (Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006); off California, whale-fall (McLean 1992b), 2,022–524 m.

• 31. Pyropelta musaica McLean and Haszprunar 1987. McLean and Haszprunar 1987: 198, figs. 1–8, 9A; McLean 1992b: 406, figs. 9–16; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 2; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 171, figs. 8–9; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 93. JdF: Axial Seamount, 1,546–1,575 m, vent (type locality) and Jalisco Block, seep (Warén and Bouchet 2001) and off California, 1,240 m, whal-fall (McLean 1992b).

  *Pyropelta cf. musica McLean and Haszprunar 1987. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 125, figs. 6a–b, 7c. JdF, Axial Seamount, off California 33–36°N, possibly also Jalisco Block Seeps, 20°N, 940–1,575 m, possibly also 3,000–3,775 m, vent, whale skeletons.

• 32. Pyropelta oluae Warén and Bouchet 2009. Warén and Bouchet 2009: 2332, figs. 4G–J. Regab site, West Africa, 3,150 m, seep.

• 33. Pyropelta ryukyuensis Sasaki et al. 2008. Sasaki et al. 2008: 309, figs. 2–9. WP: Okinawa Trough: Hatoma Knoll (type locality) and Daiyon Yonaguni Knoll, 1,451–1,523 m, vent.

• 34. Pyropelta sibuetae Warén and Bouchet 2009. Warén and Bouchet 2009: 2332, figs. 4A–F, 13B–D. Guiness Site, West Africa, 750 m, seep.

• 35. Pyropelta yamato Sasaki et al. 2003. Sasaki et al. 2003: 197, fig. 9; Sasaki et al. 2005: 112, fig. 12G; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 93. WP: Sumisu Caldera, 676 m, vent.

Superfamily Lepetodriloidea

Family Lepetodrilidae

• 36. Clypeosectus curvus McLean 1989. McLean 1989b: 21, figs. 10A–H, 11F; Haszprunar 1989a: 5, figs. 3, 4B–C, E, 5–6; McLean 1989b: 21, figs. 10A–H, 11F; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 155, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 86. JdF: Axial Seamount (type locality), Endeavour Segment; Explorer Ridge; 1,575–2,212 m, vent.

• 37. Clypeosectus delectus McLean 1989. McLean 1989b: 18, figs. 7A–H, 8A–H, 9A–F, 11A–E; Haszprunar 1989a: 5, fig. 4A, D; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 2J–L; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 86. EPR: Galapagos Spreading Center (type locality), 21°N–17°S, ca. 2,400–2,600 m, vent.

• 38. Gorgoleptis emarginatus McLean 1988. McLean 1988a: 22, figs. 21–24, 84–92; Fretter 1988: 58, figs. 16–17; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 2H–I; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 154, fig. 17b, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 87. EPR: 21–9°N (type locality: 21°N), ca. 2,600 m, vent.

• 39. Gorgoleptis patulus McLean 1988. McLean 1988a: 24, figs. 98–102; Fretter 1988: 65, figs. 18b–c; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 154, fig. 17a, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 87. EPR: Galapagos Spreading Center (type locality), 13°N, ca. 2,480–2,600 m, vent.

• 40. Gorgoleptis spiralis McLean 1988. McLean 1988a: 23, figs. 93–97; Fretter 1988: 64, fig. 18b–c; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 155, fig. 17a, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 87. EPR: 13°N, ca. 2,630 m, vent.

• 41. Lepetodrilus atlanticus Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 143, figs. 14d, f, 15i, 19a–f, 20a–d, 21a, b, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 88. MAR: 38–23°N (type locality: Menez Gwen), 850–3,500 m, vent.

• 42. Lepetodrilus corrugatus McLean 1993. McLean 1993: 29, fig. 11–16; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 88. JdF, 2,420 m, vent. Only known from the holotype.

• 43. Lepetodrilus cristatus McLean 1988. McLean 1988a: 15, figs. 13–14, 57–61; Fretter 1988: 53, figs. 11–12; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 151, fig. 22a, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 88. EPR: 21–13°N (type locality: 21°N), Galapagos Spreading Center, ca. 2,500–2,600 m, vent.

• 44. Lepetodrilus elevatus McLean 1988. McLean 1988a: 18, figs. 17–20, 75–83; McLean 1993: 32, figs. 17–25; Fretter 1988: 49, figs. 7–8; Beck 1993: 175, figs. 5–6, 36–44; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 1E, H; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 151, fig. 22c, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 88. EPR: 21°N–17°S (type locality: 21°N), Galapagos Spreading Center, WP: North Fiji Basin, Lau Basin, Mariana Basin, ca. 2,400–2,700 m, vent. Remarks: Johnson et al. (2008) showed that records from localities other than EPR are misidentifications; at the EPR and Galapagos spreading Centre there are probably 4–6 sympatric and cryptic species.

• 45. Lepetodrilus fucensis McLean 1988. McLean 1988a: 18, figs. 17–20, 75–83; Fretter 1988: 56, fig. 15; McLean 1993: 32; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 154, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 88; Johnson et al. 2006: figs. 3E–H, 4B–C, 5A–B, 5D–F. JdF (type locality: Endeavor Segment), ca. 1,500–2,200 m, vent. Remarks: Records from the Gorda Ridge are based on L. gordensis (Johnson et al. 2006).

• 46. Lepetodrilus galriftensis McLean 1988. McLean 1988a: 13, figs. 7–8, 45–50 [as L. elevatus galriftensis]; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 1D, G [as L. e. galriftensis]; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 88. EPR 9°N, Galapagos Spreading Center, 2,451 m, vent.

• 47. Lepetodrilus gordensis Johnson et al. 2006. Johnson et al. 2006: 151, figs. 3A–D, I–J, A, D–I, 5C, G–L. Gorda Ridge, 2,696–2,716 m, vent.

• 48. Lepetodrilus guaymasensis McLean 1988. McLean 1988a: 16, figs. 15–16, 66–74; Fretter 1988: 54, figs. 13–14; McLean 1993: 32; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 153, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 88. Guaymas Basin, 2,000–2,019 m, seep.

• 49. Lepetodrilus japonicus Okutani et al. 1993. Okutani et al. 1993: 134, figs. 30–33; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Sasaki et al. 2005: 113, fig. 14A; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 88. WP: Okinawa Trough: Minami Ensei Knoll, 700–710 m, vent.

• 50. Lepetodrilus nux (Okutani et al. 1993). Okutani et al. 1993: 132 [as Rynchopelta?]; Sasaki 1998: 94, figs. 62–65; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Sasaki et al. 2003: 199, fig. 11; Sasaki et al. 2005: 114, fig. 14B; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 88. WP: Okinawa Trough: Izena Hole (type locality) and Iheya Ridge, 990–1,390 m, vent.

• 51. Lepetodrilus ovalis McLean 1988. McLean 1988a: 14, figs. 9–12, 51–56; Fretter 1988: 50, figs. 8–10; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 1F, I; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 153, fig. 22b, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 88. EPR: 21°N–17°S (type locality: 21°N), Galapagos Spreading Center, ca. 2,500–2,600 m, vent.

• 52. Lepetodrilus pustulosus McLean 1988. McLean 1988a: 8, figs. 1–4, 25–35; Fretter 1988: 35, figs. 1–6; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 153, fig. 22d–e, ­appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 173, figs. 15–16; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 88. EPR: Galapagos Spreading Center (type locality), 21°N–17°S, ca. 2,600 m, vent.

• 53. Lepetodrilus schrolli Beck 1993. Beck 1993: 171, figs. 2–3, pls. 1–5; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 88. WP: Manus Back-Arc Basin, 1,450–2,505 m, vent.

• 54. Lepetodrilus shannonae Warén and Bouchet 2009. Warén and Bouchet 2009: 2335, figs. 2F–G, 6A–F, 7A–F. Regab site (type locality) and Diapir site, West Africa, 2,300–3,150 m, seep.

• 55. Lepetodrilus tevnianus McLean 1993. McLean 1993: 28, figs. 1–10; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 88. EPR: 11°N, 2,536 m, vent.

  *Lepetodrilus sp. Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: Manus, vent.

  *Lepetodrilus spp. 20 species were barcoded by Johnson et al. (2008) for an ongoing revision of the group. At least 6 species were not available for sequencing. This indicates the group to be even more species rich than generally assumed.

• 56. Pseudorimula marianae McLean 1989. McLean 1989b: 24, figs. 12A–H, 13A–D; Haszprunar 1989a: 5, figs. 7–9; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 91. WP: Mariana Back-Arc Basin, 3,640–3,660 m, vent.

• 57. Pseudorimula midatlantica McLean 1992. McLean 1992a: 116, figs. 1–7; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 155, figs. 15h, 18c, 23a–h, appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 173; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 91 MAR: 38–15°N, ca. 1,500–3,500 m, vent.

Family Sutilizonidae (Ongoing work indicates these species to belong to the Lepetodrilidae.)

• 58. Sutilizona pterodon Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 141, figs. 15g, 17c, e, g–h, 18a, f, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 98. MAR: Snake Pit, 3,470–3,520 m, vent.

• 59. Sutilizona theca McLean 1989. McLean 1989b: 15, figs. 3A–C, 4D–F, 5E–F; Haszprunar 1989a: 3, fig. 2; Kiel 2004: 173, fig. 14; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 141, fig. 17f, I, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 98. EPR: 12–13°N, ca. 2,500–2,700 m, vent.

• 60. Sutilizona tunnicliffae Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 143, figs. 15f, 17d, 18b, d, g, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 98. JdF: Endeavour Segment, 2,202 m, vent.

• 61. Temnocinclis euripes McLean 1989. McLean 1989b: 7, figs. 1A–H, 4A, 5A–B; Haszprunar 1989a: 3, fig. 1; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 143, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 99. JdF, ca. 44–50°N (type locality: Axial Seamount), ca. 1,500–2,300 m, vent.

• 62. Temnozaga parilis McLean 1989. McLean 1989b: 9, figs. 2A–H, 4B–C, 5C–D; Haszprunar 1989a: 3; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 100 (figured). EPR: 21–13°N (type locality: 21°N), ca. 2,600 m, vent.

Superfamily Scissurelloidea

Family Scissurellidae

*Sinezona sp. Warén and Bouchet 1989: 68, figs. 3–4. EP: off Mexico, 25.50N, 109,06W, 2,633 m, vent.

*Anatoma sp.: Warén and Bouchet 1993: 7 [as Scissurellidae] WP: Lau Basin, Hine Hina, vent.

Superfamily Seguenzioidea

Family uncertain

• 63. Adeuomphalus collinsi Kano et al. 2009. Kano et al. 2009: 408, figs. 4C–H, 6. Manus Basin, off Papua New Guinea, ca. 1,440 m, vent.

• 64. Adeuomphalus elegans Kano et al. 2009. Kano et al. 2009: 404, fig. 3. Lau Basin, South Pacific, 1,737 m, vent.

• 65. Adeuomphalus trochanter Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 132, figs. 8f, 15l, 16d, appendix 2. Kano et al. 2009: 404, fig. 2D–F. EP: Jdf: CoAxial Segment, 2,060 m, vent.

  *Moelleriopsis sp. Warén and Bouchet 1989: 86, fig. 91 [family uncertain, Seguenzioidea(?)]; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. EPR: 13°N, 2,635 m, vent.

• 66. Akritogyra conspicua (Monterosato 1880). Olu-Le Roy et al. 2004: table 2. Olimpi and Anaximander areas, Eastern Mediterranean Sea, ca. 1,700–2,000 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom?

• 67. Ventsia tricarinata Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 31, figs. 18I, 23C–F, 24B–F, 25A–C; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: Lau Basin, 1,750–1,900 m, vent.

*Ventsia sp. aff. tricarinata Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: Marianas, vent.

Family Cataegidae

• 68. Cataegis meroglypta McLean and Quinn 1987. McLean and Quinn 1987: 115, figs. 3–4, 7–8; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 19, figs. 14A–G, 15A–B; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 133, appendix 2. Louisiana Slope to Barbados Prism, 421–1,135 m (type locality: off Louisiana, 845–858 m), seep.

Family Chilodontidae

• [69.] Bathybembix macdonaldi (Dall 1891). Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 740–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

  *Calliotropis sp. Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 740–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

• 70. Putzeysia wiseri (Calcara 1841). Olu-Le Roy et al. 2004: table 2. Olimpi and Anaximander areas, Eastern Mediterranean Sea, ca. 1,700–2,000 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

Family Seguenziidae

• [71.] Bathymargarites symplector Warén and Bouchet 1989. Warén and Bouchet 1989: 91, figs. 92–95, 100–101, 104–107, 110; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 11, figs. 10A–E, 11A–B; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 132, appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 173, figs. 17–18; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 101, figured [as Chilodontidae]. MAR: 13–21°N (type locality: 21°N), ca. 2,500–2,600 m, vent.

Superfamily Trochoidea

Family Calliostomatidae

• 72. Calliostoma chilena Rehder 1971. Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 740–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom [not seep dependent?].

• [73.] Falsimargarita nauduri Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 133, figs. 8e, 10a–d, 11a–b, 14e, 16c, appendix 2. EPR: 17°S, 2,578 m, vent deep-sea bottom [not seep dependent?].

• [74.] Otsukaia crustulum Vilvens and Sellanes 2006. Vilvens and Sellanes 2006: 16, figs. 1–5; Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2 [as Calliostoma]. Off Central Chile, Concepción Methane Seep Area, 728–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom [not seep dependent].

Family Solariellidae

• 75. Zetela alphonsi Vilvens 2002. Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 740–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom [presumably not seep dependent].

Family Trochidae

• 76. Clelandella myriamae Gofas 2005. Olu-Le Roy et al. 2004: table 2 [as Clelandella sp.]. Gofas 2005: 141, figs. 11, 12E–F, 13H. Anaximander (type locality) and Olimpi seamounts, Eastern Mediterranean Sea, 1,700–2,030 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom? Family Turbinidae

• 77. Gaza fisheri Dall 1889. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 13; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. Louisiana Slope and Caribbean Sea, 600–1,061 m, seep.

• 78. Margarites huloti Vilvens and Sellanes 2006. Vilvens and Sellanes 2006: 16, figs. 1–5; Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Off Central Chile, 843–728 m, seep.

• 79. Margarites ryukyuensis Okutani et al. 2000. Okutani et al. 2000: 273, fig. 6; Sasaki et al. 2005: 114, fig. 15A. WP: Okinawa Trough: North Knoll of Iheya Ridge, 968–1,053 m, vent.

• 80. Margarites shinkai Okutani, Tsuchida and Fujikura 1992. Okutani et al. 1992: 142, figs. 12–16; Okutani et al. 1993: 132, figs. 20–21; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Sasaki et al. 2005: 115, fig. 15B. WP: Sagami Bay (type locality) and Okinawa Trough, 1,110–1,340 m, seep/vent.

*Margarites sp. Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: Manus, vent.

Subfamily Skeneinae, Family Turbinidae

• 81. Bruceiella athlia Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 139, figs. 8d, 11d–f, 13a–d, 15e, 16j, appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 173, fig. 13. Aleutian Trench, ca. 4,800 m, seep.

• 82. Bruceiella globulus Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 27, figs. 17C–F, 18E–F, 21A–C, 22A–D; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 94. WP: North Fiji (type locality) and Lau Back-Arc Basins, 1,750–2,443 m, vent.

• 83. Bruciella wareni Okutani et al. 2004. Okutani et al. 2004: 2, fig. 2A–F. IO: Kairei Field, Rodriguez Triple Junction, 2,422–2,443 m, vent.

• 84. Fucaria mystax Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 136, figs. 8c, 11c, 12a–d, 16e, appendix 2 [as Trochidae]; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 95. WP: Edison Seamount, 1,483 m, vent.

  *Fucaria sp. Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2 [as Trochidae]. Florida Escarpment, seep.

• 85. Fucaria striata Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 16, figs. 9E–H, 12A–C, 13A–C, 38C [as Trochidae]; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 136, appendix 2 [as Trochidae]; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 95. JdF, 2,425 m, vent.

• 86. Iheyaspira lequios Okutani et al. 2000. Okutani et al. 2000: 268, figs. 2–5; Sasaki et al. 2005: 115, fig. 15C. WP: Okinawa Trough: North Knoll of Iheya Ridge, 968–1,053 m, vent.

• 87. Protolira thorvaldssoni Warén 1996. Warén 1996: 201, figs. 3E–F, 4A–D [as thorvaldsoni]; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 138, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 97. MAR: Snake Pit to Iceland (type locality: off southwestern Iceland), ca. 850–3,700 m, vents and whale bone.

• 88. Protolira valvatoides Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 22, figs. 17A–B, 18D, G, 19A–C, 20A–F; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 138, appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 173, figs. 11–12; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 97. MAR: 23°N, 3,478 m (Warén and Bouchet 1993: type locality) and Menez Gwen to Lucky Strike, 850–1,800 m (Warén and Bouchet 2001), vent.

Family Collonidae

• 89. Cantrainea jamsteci (Okutani and Fujikura 1990). Okutani and Fujikura 1990: 85, figs. 2–6 [as Thermocollonia]; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Sasaki et al. 2005: 115, fig. 15D. WP: Okinawa Trough: Minami-Ensei Knoll, 700–720 m, vent.

• 90. Cantrainea macleani Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 8, figs. 4A–C, 5B, F–G, 6A; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 132, appendix 2. Louisiana Slope, ca. 500–1,000 m, seep.

• 91. Cantrainea nuda Okutani 2001. Okutani 2001: 122, fig. 4. WP: Okinawa Trough, 730 m, vent.

• 92. Cantrainea panamense (Dall 1908). Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2 [as Homalopoma]. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 740–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

Clade Neompahlina

Family uncertain

• 93. Helicrenion reticulatum Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 45, figs. 32C–D, 33A, C, 36A–C [as Peltospiridae]; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 102 (figured). WP: Lau Back-Arc Basin, 1,900 m, vent.

• 94. Retiskenea diploura Warén and Bouchet 2001. Kiel 2004: 174, fig. 19; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 158, figs. 15j, 16g, 18e, 24c, appendix 2; Okutani and Fujikura 2002: 212, fig. 2A–I; Sasaki et al. 2005: 114. Aleutian Trench (type locality) and Japan Trench, ca. 4,800–6,290 m, seep.

  *Retiskenea sp. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 158, fig. 25a–e, appendix 2. Oregon Margin, seep.

• 95. Vetulonia phalcata Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 11, figs. 7A–B, 8E–F, 11C, 18C; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 103 (figured). WP: North Fiji Back-Arc Basin, 2,000 m, vent.

Family Melanodrymiidae

• 96. Leptogyra costellata Warén and Bouchet 2009. Warén and Bouchet 2009: 2337, figs. 6H, 8A–D. Regab site, West Africa, 3,150 m, seep.

• 97. Leptogyra inflata Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 47, figs. 29E–F, 32A–B, 37A–C, 38A–B, D [as Peltospiridae]; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 96. WP: Lau Basin, 1,750 m, vent.

• 98. Melanodrymia aurantiaca Hickman 1984. Hickman 1984: 20, figs. 1–2; Israelsson 1998: 105; Haszprunar 1989b: 175, figs. 1–11; Warén and Bouchet 1989: 75, figs. 26–27, 32–33, 35–36, 75, 82 [as Peltospiridae]; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 41 [as Peltospiridae]; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 4A, C–D; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 159, appendix 2 [Neomphalidae]; Kiel 2004: 174, fig. 20; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 106 (figured). EPR: 21°N–17°S (type locality: 29°50′N), ca. 2,500–2,600 m, vent.

• 99. Melanodrymia brightae Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 43, figs. 34A–C, 35A–B; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 159, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 106. JdF: Endeavour Segment, 2,200 m, vent.

• 100. Melanodrymia galeronae Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 161, 15k, 16f, 21c, 14a–b, d, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 106 (figured). EPR: 13°N, ca. 2,600 m, vent.

*Melanodrymia sp. Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. Galapagos Rift, vent.

*Melanodrymia sp. “rust covered”. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 159, figs. 21d, 24e–f, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 106. EPR: 13°N, vent.

Family Neomphalidae

• 101. Cyathermia naticoides Warén and Bouchet 1989. Warén and Bouchet 1989: 70, figs. 6–10, 15, 16, 18, 21–23, 71, 80; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 33 [as Cyathermidae]; Kiel 2004: 175, fig. 21; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 2A–C; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 158, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 104 (figured). EPR: 21–9°N (type locality: 13°N), ca. 2,600 m, vent.

• 102. Lacunoides exquisitus Warén and Bouchet 1989. Warén and Bouchet 1989: 72, figs. 13–14, 17, 20, 72, 81; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 105 (figured). EPR: Galapagos Spreading Center, 2,447–2,518 m, vent.

• 103. Lacunoides vitreus Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 162, fig. 29a–e, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 105 (figured). JdF: Axial Seamount, 1,543 m, vent.

• 104. Neomphalus fretterae McLean 1981. McLean 1981: 294, figs. 1–10; Warén and Bouchet 1989: 69, figs. 5, 11, 12, 19, 79; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 33; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 2D–F; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 162, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 107 (figured). EPR: 21–9°N, Galapagos Spreading Center, ca. 2,400–2,600 m, vent.

• 105. Planorbidella depressa Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 38, figs. 30B–D, 31C–D, F; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 109. WP: Lau Basin, Hine Hina, vent.

• 106. Planorbidella planispira (Warén and Bouchet 1989). Warén and Bouchet 1989: 81, figs. 48–50, 53–54, 74, 84 [as Depressigyra]; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 37, fig. 29D [as Peltospiridae]; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 162, appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 175; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 109 (figured). EPR: 21°N–17°S (type locality: 21°N), ca. 2,500–2,600 m, vent.

• 107. Solutigyra reticulata Warén and Bouchet 1989. Warén and Bouchet 1989: 82, figs. 44, 57–58, 59–62, 77, 89–90 [as Peltospiridae]; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 32 [as Skeneidae]; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. EPR: 21–13°N (type locality: 21°N), ca. 2,000–2,600 m, vent.

• 108. Symmetromphalus hageni Beck 1992. Beck 1992a: 246, figs. 2–6, pls. 1–6; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 110. WP: Manus Basin, 2,488–2,500 m, vent.

• 109. Symmetromphalus regularis McLean 1990. McLean 1990a: 79, figs. 1–17; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 110 (figured). WP: Mariana Back-Arc Basin, 3,640 m, vent.

*Symmetromphalus sp. Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: North Fiji and Lau Basins, vent.

Family Peltospiridae

• 110. Ctenopelta porifera Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 34, figs. 26D–G, 27A–F, 28A–D; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 170, appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 175, figs. 24–25; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 111 (figured). EPR: 13°N, ca 2,600 m vent

• 111. Depressigyra globulus Warén and Bouchet 1989. Warén and Bouchet 1989: 80, figs. 30–31, 45–47, 51–52, 73, 83; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 35; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 173, fig. 15o, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 112 (figured). JdF, 1,500–2,400 m, vent.

• 112. Echinopelta fistulosa McLean 1989. McLean 1989a: 60, figs. 41–48; Gustafson and Lutz 1994: figs. 4.7–4.9; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 170, fig. 28b, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 113 (figured). EPR: 21–13°N (type locality: 21°N), ca. 2,600 m vent

• 113. Hirtopelta hirta McLean 1989. McLean 1989a: 62, figs. 49–55; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 35, fig. 26A–C; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 169, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 114 (figured). EPR: 21–13°N (type locality: 13°N), ca. 2,500–2,600 m vent

• 114. Hirtopelta tufari Beck 2002. Beck 2002: 252, figs. 1–15; Desbruyères et al. 2006: 114. EPR: 21°S, 2,802 m, vent.

• 115. Lirapex costellata Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 170, figs. 15m, 16i, 30a–c, 31a–c, appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 176; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 115 (figured). MAR: Lucky Strike (type locality), ca. 1,600–1,700 m, and Snake Pit, vent.

• 116. Lirapex granularis Warén and Bouchet 1989. Warén and Bouchet 1989: 85, figs. 68–70, 88; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 3G–I; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 115. EPR: 21–9°N (type locality: 21°N), ca. 2,600 m, vent.

• 117. Lirapex humata Warén and Bouchet 1989. Warén and Bouchet 1989: 84, figs. 43, 55–56, 63–65, 78, 87, appendix 2; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 115. EPR: 21°N, 2,616 m, vent.

  *Lirapex sp. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 171, appendix 2. MAR: 23°N, vent.

• 118. Nodopelta heminoda McLean 1989. McLean 1989a: 53, figs. 17–23; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 169, figs. 27g, j. 28e, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 116 (figured). EPR: 21–13°N (type locality: 21°N), ca. 2,600 m, vent.

• 119. Nodopelta rigneae Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 169, figs. 21e–f, 27a–b, f, i, 28a, d, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 116 (figured). EPR: 13°N, 2,630 m, vent.

• 120. Nodopelta subnoda McLean 1989. McLean 1989a: 56, figs. 24–31; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 169, figs. 27e, h, 28c, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 116 (figured). EPR: 13°N–17°S (type locality: 13°N), ca. 2,500–2,600 m, vent

• 121. Pachydermia laevis Warén and Bouchet 1989. Warén and Bouchet 1989: 76, figs. 28–29, 34, 37–40, 41, 42, 76, 85–86 [as Peltospiridae]; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 40 [as Peltospiridae]; Israelsson 1998: 95, figs. 1–7; Kiel 2004: 175, fig. 22; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 161, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 108 (figured). EPR: 21°N–17°S (type locality: 13°N), ca. 2,500–2,600 m, vent.

• 122. Pachydermia sculpta Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 41, figs. 29A–C, 30E–F, 31A–B, E, 32E, 35C; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 108. WP: North Fiji Basin (type locality) and Lau Basin, 1,750–2,000 m, vent.

  *Pachydermia sp. aff. sculpta Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: Mariana Back-Arc Basin, vent.

• 123. Peltospira delicata McLean 1989. McLean 1989a: 53, figs. 9–16; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 168, fig. 29f, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 118 (figured). EPR: 13–9°N, ca. 2,500–2,600 m, vent.

• 124. Peltospira lamellifera Warén and Bouchet 1989. Warén and Bouchet 1989: 74, fig. 24; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 168, figs. 16k, 46b, 48c–d, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 118. EPR: 13°N, ca. 2,600 m, vent.

• 125. Peltospira operculata McLean 1989. McLean 1989a: 51, figs. 1–8; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 3E–F; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 168, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 118 (figured). EPR: 21–9°N, 17°S, ca. 2,500–2,600 m, vent.

• 126. Peltospira smaragdina Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 165, figs. 15n, 26a–d, 27c–d, 31e–f, appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 175, fig. 23; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 118 (figured) MAR: 38–15°N (type locality: Lucky Strike at 37°N), 850–3,500 m, vent

• 127. Rhynchopelta concentrica McLean 1989. McLean 1989a: 58, figs. 32–40; Mullineaux et al. 1996: fig. 3A–C; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 119 (figured). EPR: 21°N–17°S, ca. 2,500–2,600 m, vent.

*“Scaly foot gastropod”. Warén et al. 2003: fig. 1; Goffredi et al. 2004: fig. 1; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 120 (figured); Suzuki et al. 2006c: fig. 1. IO: Kairei Field, Rodriguez Triple Junction, ca. 2,420 m, vent.

*Peltospiridae sp. A. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 41, figs. 30A, 32F, 33B. WP: Lau Basin, Hine Hina, vent.

Clade Neritimorpha

Family Neritidae

• 128. Bathynerita naticoidea Clarke 1989. Clarke 1989: 125, figs. 3–4, text figs.; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 3, figs. 1–2, 3A–C; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 177, fig. 30d–f, appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 176, figs. 26–27. Louisiana Slope (type locality) and Barbados Prism, 550–1,135 m, seep.

Family Phenacolepadidae

*Olgasolaris sp. Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 121. WP: North Fiji and Lau Back-Arc Basins, vent.

• 129. Olgasolaris tollmanni Beck 1992. Beck 1992b: 266, figs. 2–5, pls. 4–6; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 121 (figured). WP: Manus Back-Arc Basin, 2,489–2,505 m, vent.

• 130. Shinkailepas briandi Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 174, figs. 16a–b, 31d, 32a–h, 33a–e, appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 177, fig. 28–29; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 122 (figured). MAR: Menez Gwen (type locality), Lucky Strike, and Logatchev (15°N), 850–3,500 m, vent.

• 131. Shinkailepas kaikatensis Okutani et al. 1989. Okutani et al. 1989: 225, figs. 2–8, 10–15; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Sasaki et al. 2005: 116, fig. 16A; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 122. WP: Kaikata Seamout, off Ogasawara Islands, Japan, 470 m, vent.

• 132. Shinkailepas myojinensis Sasaki et al. 2003. Sasaki et al. 2003: 201, figs. 12–13; Sasaki et al. 2005: 117, fig. 16B; 2006: figs. 1–16; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 122. WP: Myojin Knoll, Japan, 1,260–1,340 m, vent.

• 133. Shinkailepas tufari Beck 1992. Beck 1992b: 262, fig. 5C, pls. 1–3; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 122. WP: Manus Back-Arc Basin, 2,450–2,505 m, vent.

*Shinkailepas sp. Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 122. WP: North Fiji Basin, vent.

*Shinkailepas sp. Sasaki et al. 2003: 203, fig. 14; Sasaki et al. 2005: 117. WP: Okinawa Trough: North Knoll of Iheya Ridge, 976 m, vent.

*Shinkailepas sp. Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: Manus, vent.

Clade Caenogastropoda

Family Capulidae

• [134.] Hyalorisia galea (Dall 1889). Warén and Bouchet 1993: 76; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. Louisiana Slope to Barbados, 329–768 m (Warén and Bouchet 1993), seep. Probably not a really seep favoured species.

Family Cerithiopsidae

• [135.] Speculator cariosus Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 180, figs. 34c–d, 36c, 49g, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 126 (figured). JdF: Explorer Ridge, 1,762 m, vent. Probably not a really seep favoured species.

Family Elachisinidae

• 136. Laeviphitus desbruyeresi Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 182, figs. 34e–f, 36a, 37b, 49e, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 127 (figured). MAR: Menz Gwen to Rainbow (type locality: Lucky Strike), 850–2,300 m, vent.

• 137. Laeviphitus japonicus Okutani et al. 1993. Okutani et al. 1993: 135, figs. 37–43; Sasaki et al. 2005: 119; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: Kaikata Seamount, Japan, 440 m, vent

*Laeviphitus sp. Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. New Zealand, seep.

*Laeviphitus sp. (veligers only). Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. EPR: 13–10°N, vent.

Family Provannidae

• 138. Alviniconcha hessleri Okutani and Ohta 1988. Okutani and Ohta 1988: 2, figs. 1–9; Kiel 2004: 178, fig. 33; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 56, figs. 44A–C, 45A–C, 46, 47, 48A–E, 49, 50C–D; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 128 (figured). WP: Mariana (type locality: 3,600–3,680 m), North Fiji and Lau Back-Arc Basins, 1,750–3,680 m, vent. Remarks: These records possibly include several different biological species (see review herein).

  *Alviniconcha aff. hessleri Okutani and Ohta 1988. Okutani et al. 2004: 6, figs. 5A–B, 6; Suzuki et al. 2005a: 5442, fig. 1. Kairei Field, Rodriguez Triple Junction, 2,420–2,454 m, vent.

• 139. Cordesia provannoides Warén and Bouchet 2009. Warén and Bouchet 2009: 2341, figs. 9E, 11A–F. Regab site, West Africa, 3,150 m (type locality) and Florida Escarpment, seep.

• 140. Desbruyeresia cancellata Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 71, figs. 44E, 54D, F–H, 55B; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 129 (figured). WP: Lau Basin (type locality) and North Fiji Basin, 1,750–2,000 m, vent.

• 141. Desbruyeresia marianaensis (Okutani 1990). Okutani 1990: 22, figs. 3–4, 7–8, 10 [as Provanna]; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 129 [not (Okutani and Fujikura 1990)]. WP: Mariana Back-Arc Basin, 3,670–3,680 m, vent.

• 142. Desbruyeresia marisindica Okutani et al. 2004. Okutani et al. 2004: 4, figs. 3A–C, 4A–B; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 129. Kairei Field, Rodriguez Triple Junction, 2,422–2,454 m, vent.

• 143. Desbruyeresia melanoides Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 71, figs. 54C, 55A, 56D, 57C; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 129 (figured). WP: Lau Basin (type locality) and Manus Basin, 1,900 m, vent.

• 144. Desbruyeresia spinosa Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 72, figs. 44D, 54A, 56C–D; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 129 (figured). WP: North Fiji Back-Arc Basin, 1,900–2,765 m, vent.

  *Desbruyeresia aff. spinosa Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: Mariana Back-Arc Basin, vent.

  *Desbruyeresia sp. aff. spinosa Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 129. WP: Mariana Back-Arc Basin, vent.

• 145. Ifremeria nautilei Bouchet and Warén 1991. Bouchet and Warén 1991: 498, figs. 1A–C, 2A–E; Beck 1991: 282, fig. 2, pls. 1–4 (as Olgaconcha tufari); Warén and Bouchet 1993: 64, figs. 25D, 45D–F, 50A–B, 51A–B, 52, 53A–B, 55C–D; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 130 (figured). Lau Basin, 1,750 m (type locality), North Fiji Basin, 2,000 m and Manus Back-Arc Basin, 2,500 m, vent.

• 146. Provanna abyssalis Okutani and Fujikura 2002. Okutani and Fujikura 2002: 214, fig. 3A–C; Sasaki et al. 2005: 118. WP: Japan Trench, 5,379 m, seep.

• 147. Provanna admetoides Warén and Ponder 1991. Warén and Ponder 1991: 53, figs. 4B, figs. 20A–B, 22D, 23A; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. Florida Escarpment, 624–631 m, seep.

• 148. Provanna buccinoides Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 74, figs. 54B, E, 56A–B; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 132 (figured). WP: Lau Basin (type locality) and North Fiji Basin, 1,900–2,765 m, vent.

• 149. Provanna chevalieri Warén and Bouchet 2009. Warén and Bouchet 2009: 2340, figs. 9A, B, 10E–H. Regab site, West Africa, 3,150 m, seep.

• 150. Provanna glabra Okutani et al. 1992. Okutani et al. 1992: 143, figs. 17–21; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Sasaki et al. 2005: 118; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 132. WP: Sagami Bay: off Hatsushima, 1,110–1,200 m, seep.

• 151. Provanna goniata Warén and Bouchet 1986. Warén and Bouchet 1986: 163, figs. 5, 6, 19, 25; Warén and Ponder 1991: 51; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 178, appendix 2. Guaymans Basin, 2,000–2,020 m, seep.

• 152. Provanna ios Warén and Bouchet 1986. Warén and Bouchet 1986: 162, figs. 8–9, 20, 22; Warén and Ponder 1991: 51; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 178, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 132 (figured). EPR: 21°N–17°S (type locality: 12°49′N), Galapagos Spreading Center, 2,450–2,620 m, vent.

• 153. Provanna laevis Warén and Ponder 1991. Warén and Ponder 1991: 53, figs. 3C–D, 4A, 20H–I, 21C–D, 23D; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 178, fig. 6c, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 132 (figured). Gulf of California, Guaymas Basin (type locality), ca. 2,000 m, to Oregon Margin, 500–600 m, JdF, ca. 1,500 m (Warén and Bouchet 2001), vent/seep.

• 154. Provanna lomana (Dall 1918). Warén and Bouchet 1986: 161, figs. 1–2, 18, 23; Warén and Ponder 1991: 53, fig. 12; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 178, appendix 2. Oregon Margin, ca. 450–1,200 m, seep.

• 155. Provanna macleani Warén and Bouchet 1989. Warén and Bouchet 1989: 94, figs. 111–114; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 179, appendix 2. Oregon Margin, 2,713–2,750 m, seep and sunken drift wood.

• 156. Provanna muricata Warén and Bouchet 1986. Warén and Bouchet 1986: 163, figs. 3, 12, 21; Warén and Ponder 1991: 51; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 132. EPR: 21°N, 2,615 m and Galapagos Spreading Center, 2,451–2,457 m (Warén and Ponder 1991), and also North Fiji and Lau Back-Arc Basins (Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006), vent. Type locality: Galapagos Rift, 2,450 m. Remarks: Records from Fiji and Lau are wrong.

• 157. Provanna nassariaeformis Okutani 1990. Okutani 1990: 20, figs. 1–2, 5–6, 9; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 132. Mariana Back-Arc Basin, 3,670–3,680 m, vent (type locality: Okutani 1990) and also Manus Back-Arc Basins, vent (Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006).

• 158. Provanna reticulata Warén and Bouchet 2009. Warén and Bouchet 2009: 2339, figs. 9C–D, 10I–L. Regab, Guiness and MPS 1-Congo sites, West Africa, 750–3,150 m, seep.

• 159. Provanna sculpta Warén and Ponder 1991. Warén and Ponder 1991: 53, figs. 2, 3A–B, 8, 14, 18, 20C, E, 21A–B, 23B; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 179, appendix 2. Louisiana Slope, ca. 550 m, seep.

• 160. Provanna segonzaci Warén and Ponder 1991. Warén and Ponder 1991: 51, figs. 20D, G, 22A–C, 23C; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 75, fig. 57A–B; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 132; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: Lau Back-Arc Basin, 1,750–1,900 m, vent.

• 161. Provanna shinkaiae Okutani and Fujikura 2002. Okutani and Fujikura 2002: 216, fig. 4A–C; Sasaki et al. 2005: 118. WP: Japan Trench, 5,343 m, seep.

• 162. Provanna variabilis Warén and Bouchet 1986. Warén and Bouchet 1986: 163, figs. 13–15, 26–28; Warén and Ponder 1991: 53, figs. 5–7, 9–11, 13, 15–17; Warén and Bouchet 1993: 76; Gustafson and Lutz 1994: figs. 4.13–4.15; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 179, appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 178, figs. 30–32; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 132 (figured). JdF: Endeavour Segment (type locality), Gorda Ridge, Oregon Margin, 675–2,200 m, vent, seep.

*Provanna sp. Okutani et al. 1993: 135, fig. 5 [as P. glabra]; Okutani and Fujiwara 2000: 124, figs. 34–36 [as P. glabra]; Sasaki et al. 2005: 118. WP: Okinawa Trough, 710–1,049 m, vent.

*Provanna sp. Warén and Ponder 1991: 51. Galapagos Spreading Center, 2,494 m and EPR: 21°N, 2,617 m, vent.

*Provanna sp. 1. Warén and Bouchet 1986, 2001: 179, appendix 2. WP: Edison Seamount, Manus, vent.

*Provanna sp. 2. Warén and Bouchet 1986, 2001: 179, appendix 2. Aleutian Trench, seep.

*Provanna sp. 3. Warén and Bouchet 1986, 2001: 179, appendix 2. Jalisco Block, vent.

*Provanna spp. Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. New Zealand, seep.

Family Naticidae

[*] Natica sp. Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 740–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

Family Ranellidae

• [163.] Fusitriton magellanicus (Röding 1798). Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 740–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

Family Rissoidae

• 164. Alvania stenolopha Bouchet and Warén 1993. Bouchet and Warén 1993: 653, figs. 1147, 1482–4; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. Following records as Alvania cf. stenolopha. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 186, figs. 34a–b, 36b, 37a; Warén and Bouchet in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 133 (figured). MAR: Lucky Strike, Menez Gwen and surroundings (type locality: off Azores), 650–1,850 m, vent.

• 165. Pseudosetia azorica Bouchet and Warén 1993. Bouchet and Warén 1993: 690, figs. 1603–4, 1615–7; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 186. Off Azores (type locality), ca. 350–850 m; MAR: Menez Gwen, vent.

• [166.] Benthonella tenella (Jeffreys 1869). Olu-Le Roy et al. 2004: table 2. Anaximander area, Eastern Mediterranean Sea, ca. 1,700–2,000 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

Family Vitrinellidae

• [167.] Neusas marshalli (Sykes 1925). Warén and Bouchet 2001: 186, figs. 35a–c, 36d–f, 49f, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 134 (figured). MAR: Menez Gwen (38°N), 850–2,000 m.

Clade Neogastropoda

Remarks: It seems likely that many or most of the larger caenogastropods recorded from seeps and vents are generalist scavengers or predators that are attracted by the concentration of organic material.

Family Buccinidae

• 168. Bayerius arnoldi (Lus 1981). Lus 1981: 140, figs. 1–4 [as Tactia]; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 189, figs. 38b–e, 39b, 49c, appendix 2; Okutani and Fujikura 2002: 217, fig. 5A–B; Okutani and Fujikura 2005: 121, fig. 1; Sasaki et al. 2005: 120. Aleutian Trench, Kuril Trench, Japan Trench (type locality: northeastern Pacific, 37°56′N, 146°24′E), 4,800–7,434 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

• 169. Bayerius peruvianus Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 187, figs. 38h, 39c, 49d, appendix 2. Off Peru, 5,996–5,385 m, seep.

  *Bayerius sp. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 189, appendix 2. Jalisco Block Seeps, seep

• 170. Buccinum soyomaruae Okutani 1977. Okutani et al. 1992: 145, figs. 22–23; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Sasaki et al. 2005: 119. WP: Sagami Bay: off Hatsushima, Japan, 1,110–1,500 m, seep and normal muddy sea bottom.

• 171. Buccinum thermophilum Harasewych and Kantor 2002. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 77 as Buccinum sp.; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 190 as Buccinum sp.; Harasewych and Kantor 2002: 40, figs. 1–3, 5–17; Martell et al. 2002: fig. 3. JdF: Endeavour Segment, 2,192–2,225 m, vent. Remarks: Buccinum sp. (viridum Dall 1890?) in Warén and Bouchet (2001: appendix 2) also indicates this species. Buccinum viridum (Dall 1890) is common on methane bottoms and whale carcasses off California and Oregon (Warén, unpubl.).

• 172. Calliloncha nankaiensis Okutani and Iwasaki 2003. Okutani and Iwasaki 2003: 3, figs. 3A–C, 4A–B; Sasaki et al. 2005: 120, fig. 17A. WP: Nanaki Trough: off Cape Muroto, Japan, 3,540–3,571 m, seep.

  *Costaria? sp. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 77, fig. 58A–B; Sasaki et al. 2005: 120. WP: Nankai Trough: Tenryu Canyon, Japan, 3,800–4,020 m, seep.

• 173. Eosipho auzendei Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 191, figs. 38j–k, 39a, 49a, appendix 2; Bouchet in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 124. EPR: 17–23°S (type locality: 17°S), Pacific-Antarctic Ridge: 31–38°S, vent.

• 174. Eosipho canetae (Clench and Aguayo 1944). Warén and Bouchet 1993: 76, fig. 59D (as “Buccinum”); 2001: 191, figs. 38i, 39d, 49b, appendix 2. Louisiana Slope, 420–850 m, seep.

• 175. Eosipho desbruyeresi Okutani and Ohta 1993. Okutani and Ohta 1993: 217, figs. 1–5; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 191, appendix 2; Bouchet in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 124 (figured). WP: Lau Basins (type locality) and North Fiji, 1,750–2,000 m (Okutani and Ohta 1993), also Mariana Basin (Bouchet in Desbruyères et al. 2006), vent.

• 176. Eosipho desbruyeresi nipponensis Okutani and Fujiwara 2000. Okutani and Fujiwara 2000: 125, figs. 6–10; Sasaki et al. 2005: 121, fig. 17B; Bouchet in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 124. WP: Okinawa Trough (Norht Knoll of Iheya Ridge: type locality), Myojin Knoll and Sumisu Caldera, Japan, 676–1,362 m, vent.

• 177. Neptunea acutispiralis Okutani 1968. Okutani et al. 1993: 137, figs. 51–54; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Sasaki et al. 2005: 119. WP: Sagami Bay, 1,100–1,380 m, seep and normal muddy sea bottom.

• 178. Neptunea insularis (Dall 1895). Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: Okinawa Trough, vent.

• 179. Neptunea pribiloffensis (Dall 1919). Warén and Bouchet 1993: 78. Off northern California, seep.

• 180. Neptunea amianta (Dall 1890). Warén and Bouchet 2001: 224, Oregon Margin, seep.

  *Neptunea sp. cf. insularis (Dall 1895). Okutani et al. 1993: 138, fig. 55 [as N. incularis var.]; Sasaki et al. 2005: 119. WP: Okinawa Trough, 690–710 m, vent.

• [181.] Kryptos explorator Fraussen and Sellanes 2007. Fraussen and Sellanes 2007: 102, figs. 5–6, 16–25; Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 708–850 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

Family Cancellariidae

• 182. Admete tenuissima Okutani and Fujikura 2002. Okutani and Fujikura 2002: 218, fig. 6A–B; Sasaki et al. 2005: 123. Japan Trench, 5,343–5,379 m, seep.

• 183. Cancellaria rosewateri Petit 1983. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 78; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. Louisiana Slope, off Mississippi and off Alabama, 360–580 m, seep.

• 184. Iphinopsis boucheti Okutani et al. 2004. Okutani et al. 2004: 9, fig. 5C–D. Kairei Field, Rodriguez Triple Junction, 2,422–2,442 m, vent.

Family Muricidae

*Coronium cf. wilhelmense. Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 740–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

• [185.] Trophon condei Houart 2003: Houart 2003: 102, figs. 1–2, 23, 31; Houart and Sellanes 2006: 55, figs. 1–4, 33; Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 728–1,350 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

• [186.] Trophon ceciliae Houart 2003: Houart 2003: 104, text fig. A, figs. 3–5, 24, 31; Houart and Sellanes 2006: 56, figs. 5–10; Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 728–1,350 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

• [187.] Pagodula concepcionensis Houart and Sellanes 2006: Houart and Sellanes 2006: 59, figs. 15–19, 34–35; Sellanes et al. 2008: 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 726–930 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

*Pagodula cf. concepcionensis Houart and Sellanes 2006: Houart and Sellanes 2006: 61, figs. 20–21. Off Chile, Concepción seep area, 930 m, possibly seep-associated.

*Trophon sp. 1. Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. Barbados Prism, seep.

*Trophon sp. 2. Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. Barbados Prism, seep.

Family Conidae (“Turridae”)

[*] Aforia cf. goniodes (Watson 1881). Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 740–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom. Certainly not seep related.

• 188. Bathybela papyracea Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 200, fig. 42f, appendix 2. Jalisco Block, 3,662 m, seep.

  *Bathybela spp. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 79. Off Barbados, 4,935 m; WP: Nankai Trough, Tenryu Canyon, 3,835 m, seep.

• [189.] Benthomangelia macra (Watson 1881). Olu-Le Roy et al. 2004: table 2. Anaximander area, Eastern Mediterranean Sea, ca. 1,700–2,000 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

  *Benthomangelia sp. Okutani and Iwasaki 2003: 7, fig. 2C; Sasaki et al. 2005: 12. WP: Nankai Trough: off Cape Muroto, Japan, 3,581 m, seep.

• [190.] Drilliola loprestiana (Calcara 1841). Olu-Le Roy et al. 2004: table 2. Anaximander area, Eastern Mediterranean Sea, ca. 1,700–2,000 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom (very comman on normal bottom).

• 191. Gymnobela extensa (Dall 1881). Warén and Bouchet 1993: 78, fig. 59A–C; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 199, appendix 2. Yucatan Channel to off Louisiana, 512–1,463 m, seep.

  *Gymnobela sp. A. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 199, fig. 42d, appendix 2. EPR: 13°N, vent.

  *Gymnobela? sp. B. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 199, fig. 42c, appendix 2. MAR: 23°N, vent.

• 192. Oenopota ogasawarana Okutani et al. 1993. Okutani et al. 1993: 138, figs. 47–50; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Sasaki et al. 2005: 121, fig. 17C. WP: Kaikata Seamount, off Ogasawara Islands, Japan, 440–450 m, vent.

• 193. Oenopota sagamiana Okutani and Fujikura 1992. Okutani and Fujikura 1992: 2, figs. 2–3, pl. 1; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2 [as Gymnobela]; Sasaki et al. 2005: 121, fig. 17D. WP: Sagami Bay: off Hatsushima, 1,170 m, seep.

  *Oenopota sp. Okutani and Fujiwara 2000: 126; Sasaki et al. 2005: 121. WP: Okinawa Trough: North Knoll of Iheya Ridge, 1,049 m, vent.

  [*] Phymorhynchus aff. alberti (Dautzenberg and Fischer 1906). Warén and Bouchet 2001: 199, fig. 42e, appendix 2. Northeastern Atlantic, 16–47°N, 1,850–4,800 m, seep.

• 194. Phymorhynchus buccinoides Okutani et al. 1992. Okutani et al. 1993: 140, figs. 44–46; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 199, fig. 42e, appendix 2. WP: Sagami Bay: off Hatsushima, Japan, 1,160 m, seep.

• 195. Phymorhynchus carinatus Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 195, figs. 42g–h, 43g–I, appendix 2; Desbruyères et al. 2006: 138 (figured). MAR: 23–15°N (type locality: Logatchev site at 14°45′N, 3,040 m), vent.

• 196. Phymorhunchus cingulatus Warén and Bouchet 2009. Warén and Bouchet 2009: 2344, figs. 9F, 10A. Regab site, West Africa, 3,150 m, seep.

• 197. Phymorhunchus coseli Warén and Bouchet 2009. Warén and Bouchet 2009: 2344, figs. 9G–K, 10B–D, 12L. Regab site, West Africa, 3,150 m, seep.

• 198. Phymorhynchus hyfifluxi Beck 1996. Beck 1996: text-fig. 1d, pl. 1, figs. 1–8; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Okutani in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 138. WP: North Fiji Basin, 2,003 m, vent.

• 199. Phymorhynchus major Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 197, figs. 41h, 43a, appendix 2; Okutani in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 138. EPR: 13–9°N (type locality: 9°50′N), ca. 2,500–2,600 m, vent.

• 200. Phymorhynchus moskalevi Sysoev and Kantor 1995. Sysoev and Kantor 1995: 22, figs. 1H–I, 4, 5D–F; Warén and Bouchet 2001: 195, figs. 41a–d, 43e–f, appendix 2; Okutani in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 138 (figured). MAR: 26–23°N, 3,400–3,700 m, vent.

• 201. Phymorhynchus ovatus Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 194, figs. 41e–g, 42a–b, 43b–d, appendix 2; Okutani in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 138 (figured). MAR: 37–15°N (type locality: Logatchev site at 14°45′N), 1,600–3,500 m, vent.

• 202. Phymorhynchus starmeri Okutani and Ohta 1993. Okutani and Ohta 1993: 220, figs. 6–7; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Okutani in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 138. WP: North Fiji Basin, 2,750 m (type locality), and Manus Back-Arc Basin, vent.

• 203. Phymorhynchus turris Okutani and Iwasaki 2003. Okutani and Iwasaki 2003: 6, fig. 3D; Sasaki et al. 2005: 123, fig. 17F. WP: Nankai Trough: off Cape Muroto, Japan, 3,540–3,581 m, seep.

• 204. Phymorhynchus wareni Sysoev and Kantor 1995. Sysoev and Kantor 1995: 19, figs. 1A–D, G, 2, 3, 5A–C; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Okutani in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 138. WP: Edison Seamount, 1,483 m, vent.

  *Phymorhynchus sp. Warén and Bouchet 1989: 95, figs. 115–116. [= P. major Warén and Bouchet 2001]

  *Phymorhynchus sp. 1 Warén and Bouchet 1993: 79, fig. 59E. MAR: Snake Pit, 3,478 m, vent.

  *Phymorhynchus sp. 2 Warén and Bouchet 1993: 79. [= P. carinatus Warén and Bouchet 2001]

  *Phymorhynchus sp. 3 Warén and Bouchet 1993: 79. JdF: Endeavour Ridge, vent.

• [205.] Taranis moerchi (Malm 1861). Olu-Le Roy et al. 2004: table 2. Olimpi and Anaximander areas, Eastern Mediterranean Sea, ca. 1,700–2,000 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom (mainly non-seep areas)

*Turrid sp. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 79. EPR: 13°N, vent.

[*] Turridae, gen. sp. 1. Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 740–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

[*] Turridae, gen. sp. 2. Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 740–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

Family Volutidae

• [206.] Tractolira sparta Dall 1896. Poppe and Goto 1992: 121, pl. 39, figs. 7–8 (holotype); Warén and Bouchet 2001: 192, fig. 38a, appendix 2. Off Peru, 3,100–5,300 m, off Acapulco, Mexico to Gulf of Panama, 3,043–4,062 m, seep.

• [207.] Miomelon philippiana (Dall 1890). Sellanes et al. 2008: table 2. Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, 740–870 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom.

Clade Heterobranchia

Family Hyalogyrinidae

• 208. Hyalogyra vitrinelloides Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 52, figs. 39A–C, 40A, D, F, 41A, 42C; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: Lau Basin, 1,900 m, vent

• 209. Hyalogyrina globularis Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 202, figs. 37f, 44a, 46a, 47e–f, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 135 (figured). JdF, Endeavour Segment, 2,200–2,250 m, vent.

• 210. Hyalogyrina grasslei Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 49, figs. 39D–G, 40B–C, E, 41B–D, 42E; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 135. Guaymas Basin, ca. 2,000 m, seep

• 211. Hyalogyrina rissoella Warén and Bouchet 2009. Warén and Bouchet 2009: 2345, figs. 8E, 12A–K. Regab site (type locality) and Guiness site, West Africa, 600–3,150 m, seep.

• 212. Hyalogyrina umbellifera Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 200, figs. 37e, g, 44h–j, 45a–d, 47d, 48a–b, 49i, appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 179, figs. 35–36. Aleutian Trench, 4,800 m, seep.

*Hyalogyrina? sp.: Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. New Zealand, vent.

Family Orbitestellidae

• 213. Lurifax japonica Sasaki and Okutani 2005: Sasaki and Okutani 2005: 121, fig. 1A–D. WP: Sumisu Caldera, Japan, 676 m, vent.

• 214. Lurifax vitreus Warén and Bouchet 2001: Warén and Bouchet 2001: 207, figs. 37c–d, 44e–g, 46c–d, 47a–b, appendix 2; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 136 (figured). Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Menez Gwen (type locality) and Lucky Strike, 38–36°N, ca. 850–1,800 m, vent. Olu-Le Roy et al. 2004: table 2. Anaximander area, Eastern Mediterranean Sea, ca. 1,700–2,000 m, seep. Remarks: Smriglio and Mariottini (2002) reported a single empty shell from Western Mediterranean Sea.

*Lurifax sp.: Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. New Zealand, seep.

Family Pyramidellidae

• 215. Eulimella lomana (Dall 1908). Warén and Bouchet 1993: 55, fig. 59F–G. Southern California and Gulf of California, 1,168–2,008 m, seep.

*Eulimella sp. Okutani and Fujiwara 2000: 126, fig. 11; Sasaki et al. 2005: 124. WP: Okinawa Trough, North Knoll of Iheya Ridge, 1,049 m, vent.

[*] Odostomia sp. Olu-Le Roy et al. 2004: table 2. Anaximander area, Eastern Mediterranean Sea, ca. 1,700–2,000 m, seep. No evidence for seep relations.

Family Xylodisculidae

• 216. Xylodiscula analoga Warén and Bouchet 2001. Warén and Bouchet 2001: 208, figs. 44b–d, 47c, 49h, appendix 2; Kiel 2004: 178, fig. 34; Warén et al. in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 137 (figured). MAR: Lucky Strike (type locality) and Menez Gwen, 37–36°N, 850–1,728 m, vent.

• 217. Xylodiscula major Warén and Bouchet 1993. Warén and Bouchet 1993: 53, figs. 42A–B, 43A–E; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. WP: North Fiji Basin, 2,000 m, vent.

*Xylodiscula sp. Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2. New Zealand, seep.

*Xylodiscula sp. Olu-Le Roy et al. 2004: table 2. Anaximander area, Eastern Mediterranean Sea, ca. 1,700–2,000 m, seep and regular deep-sea bottom?

Family Dendronotidae

• 218. Dendronotus comteti Valdés and Bouchet 1998. Valdés and Bouchet 1998: 320, figs. 1–3; Warén and Bouchet 2001: appendix 2; Bouchet and Segonzac in Desbruyères et al. 2006: 140 (figured). MAR: Lucky Strike, 37°N, 1,685 m, vent.