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Chemosymbiotic Bivalves

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The Vent and Seep Biota

Part of the book series: Topics in Geobiology ((TGBI,volume 33))

Abstract

Although the remarkable chemosymbiosis between bivalve molluscs and sulphide- and methane-oxidizing bacteria was originally recognized in a few species of spectacular, large mussels (Bathymodiolus) and clams (Calyptogena) from deep water ­hydrothermal vents it is now realized that there are hundreds of species of chemo­symbiotic bivalves living from the intertidal zone to hadal depths. Far from being restricted to vent and seep habitats they are found in a wide range of reducing ­environments from sands and muds, mangrove sediments, seagrass beds, areas of sunken vegetation including wood pulp, offshore sewage sites and whale falls. Chemosymbiotic bivalves have been reported from six distinct families; Solemyidae, Nucinellidae, Mytilidae, Lucinidae, Thyasiridae and Vesicomyidae. The symbiosis has been identified in all species of Lucinidae, Solemyidae and Vesiocomyidae studied so far and is likely obligate, while in Thyasiridae many species possess symbionts but others lack them. In Mytilidae, chemosymbiosis is confined to ­members of the subfamily Bathymodiolinae, while other mytilids are asymbiotic. Little is known of the Nucinellidae with symbiosis inferred from internal ­morphology of two species (Reid 1998). Additionally, mention should also be made of the families Xylophagainae and Teredinidae of wood-boring bivalves (Distel and Roberts 1997) that possess cellulolytic endosymbionts held in a similar position within the gills.

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Acknowledgements We are grateful to Shana Goffredi for generously providing electron micrographs of Calyptogena ctenidia, to Graham Oliver for the image of Axinus cascadensis, James Turner for images of Acharax species and Pierre Lozouet for the image of Nucinella. Philippe Bouchet and Rudo von Cosel kindly arranged a loan of preserved Vesicomyidae.

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  1. Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom

    John D. Taylor & Emily A. Glover

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    Steffen Kiel

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Taylor, J.D., Glover, E.A. (2010). Chemosymbiotic Bivalves. In: Kiel, S. (eds) The Vent and Seep Biota. Topics in Geobiology, vol 33. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9572-5_5

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