Abstract
Studies of symbiosis by botanists in the nineteenth century were advanced in virtual conflict with the germ theory of disease, and the emphasis on the struggle for existence in evolutionary biology. While many microbiologists focused on the pathogenic effects of infectious germs in animals from the perspective of medicine, botanists examined the morphological and beneficial effects of intimate microbe–plant relationships from an evolutionary perspective. Discussions of competing meanings of the term “symbiosis” have included problems of anthropomorphisms on the one hand and difficulties in cost–benefit analysis on the other.
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Sapp, J. (2010). On the Origin of Symbiosis. In: Seckbach, J., Grube, M. (eds) Symbioses and Stress. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, vol 17. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9449-0_1
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