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The Transantarctic Mountains pp 3–40Cite as

The Exploration of Antarctica

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Abstract

In spite of its remote location and its cold and stormy weather, Antarctica has attracted seal hunters, whalers, and scientists all of whom have contributed to the exploration of this continent. The names of these explorers are preserved by many of the topographic and geologic features of Antarctica, as well as by the names of its coastal areas and surrounding oceans. Those who now wish to visit Antarctica can do so in steel-hulled ships or in large transport planes that land on the sea ice or even on the polar plateau. The research stations that are maintained in Antarctica by several nations offer most of the comforts of home. Even scientists who work in the mountains and on the polar plateau are transported into the field by helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft; and they use snowmobiles rather than dogsleds to travel across the polar plateau. In spite of these labor-saving accommodations and devices, the weather in Antarctica has not changed since the epic journeys of Robert Scott, Ernest Shackleteon, and Roald Amundsen. The sign at Williams Field adjacent to Ross Island welcomes travelers with the Maori phrase: “Haere Mai” (Welcome). It could also read: “Enter at your own risk.” Antarctica can be a cruel place. Those of us who now work in Antarctica should be aware of the heroic struggle and tragic fate of some of those who preceded us.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Earth Sciences and Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, 275 Mendenhall Laboratory 125 South Oval Mall, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA

    Gunter Faure

  2. School of Earth Sciences and Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, 313 Morrill Hall 1465 Mt. Vernon Ave., Marion, Ohio, 43302, USA

    Teresa M. Mensing

Authors
  1. Gunter Faure
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  2. Teresa M. Mensing
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Correspondence to Gunter Faure .

Appendices

Appendices

1.1 Exploration of Antarctica Following Byrd’s Second Expedition (Stonehouse 2002)

Expedition

Dates

Ellsworth Expeditions:

Lincoln Ellsworth (1880–1951) and Sir Hubert Wilkins (1888–1951) attempted several long-distance overflights of West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula.

1934–1936

British Graham Land Expedition:

Explored and mapped the area south and east of Marguerite Bay on the Antarctic Peninsula.

1934–1937

German Antarctic (Schwabenland) Expedition:

Explored the area east of the Weddell Sea in order to support a territorial claim of an area later claimed by Norway (i.e., Dronning Maud Land).

1938–1939

US Antarctic Service Expedition:

Set up permanent bases at the Bay of Whales and on Stonington Island (68°11’S, 067°00’W) from which West Antarctica was mapped by aerial photography combined with ground truths established by dog sled teams.

1939–1941

Operation Tabarin:

Precursor of the Falkland Island Dependencies Survey intended to strengthen British territorial claim to the Falkland Islands and the adjacent sector of Antarctica.

1943–1944

US Naval Operation Highjump:

Naval task force that was organized to map the coastline of Antarctica and to train military personnel in cold-weather operations.

1946–1947

US Naval Operation Windmill:

Continuation of Operation Highjump.

1947–1948

Falkland Island Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition:

Exploration and mapping by long-range aircraft of the Antarctic Peninsula and associated islands.

1955–1957

Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition:

Traversed the Antarctic mainland by tractor train and dog sleds from the Filchner Ice Shelf to McMurdo Sound (Section 1.5.4).

1957–1958

International Geophysical Year:

Twelve nations established more than 50 stations in Antarctica and undertook a coordinated program of research.

1957–1958

1.2 Principal Research Stations in Antarctica (Stonehouse 2002)

Nation

Station

Location

Argentina

Primero de Mayo (Decepcion)

Teniente Jubany

Petrel

Melchior (1947)

General San Martin

Almirante Brown

Esperanza

Teniente Cámara

General Belgrano I

General Belgrano II

General Belgrano III

Primavera

62°57’S, 060°38’W

62°14’S, 058°40’W

63°28’S, 056°17’W

64°20’S, 062°59’W

68°07’S, 067°06’W

64°53’S, 062°53’W

63°24’S, 057°00’W

62°36’S, 059°54’W

77°43’S, 038°04’W

77°52’S, 034°37’W

77°54’S, 045°59’W

64°09’S, 060°57’W

Australia

Casey (Wilkes)

Davis

Mawson

66°17’S, 110°32’E

68°35’S, 077°59’E

67°36’S, 062°52’E

Belgium

Roi Baudouin (The Netherlands)

70°26’S, 024°19’E

Brazil

Commandante Ferraz

62°05’S, 058°23’W

Bulgaria

St. Kliment Ohridiski

62°38’S, 060°22’W

Chile

Capitán Arturo Prat

General Bernardo O’SHiggins

Esperanza

General Ramon Cañas Montalva

Presidente Eduardo Frei

Presidente González Videla

Escudero (Teniente Rodolfo Marsh)

Teniente Carvajal (Adelaide)

62°30’S, 059°41’W

63°12’S, 058°58’W

63°24’S, 057°00’W

63°32’S, 066°48’W

62°11’S, 058°57’W

64°49’S, 062°51’W

62°12’S, 057°00’W

67°46’S, 068°55’W

China

Great Wall Zhongshan

62°13’S, 058°58’W

69°22’S, 076°22’E

Ecuador

Pedro Vicente Maldonado

62°27’S, 059°43’W

Finland

Aboa (summer only)

73°03’S, 013°25’W

France

Dumont d’Urville Concordia (Italy)

66°40’S, 140°01’E

75°00’S, 125°00’E

Germany

Georg von Neumayer

Dallmann Laboratory

Lillie Marleen (hut)

70°38’S, 008°16’W

62°14’S, 058°40’W

71°12’S, 164°31’E

German Democratic Republic

George Forster

70°46’S, 011°50’E

India

Maitri

70°46’S, 011°44’E

Italy

Terra Nova Bay

Concordia

74°41’S, 164°07’E

75°00’S, 125°00’E

Japan

Syowa

Asuka

Dome Fuji

Mizuho

69°00’S, 139°35’E

71°31’S, 024°08’E

77°30’S, 037°30’E

70°41’S, 044°54’E

Korea

King Sejong

62°13’S, 058°47’W

The Netherlands

Roi Baudouin (Belgium)

70°26’S, 024°19’E

New Zealand

Scott Base (Ross Island)

77°30’S, 168°00’E

Norway

(Sweden, Finland)

Norway

Troll

Tor

70°30’S, 002°32’W

72°01’S, 020°32’E

71°53’S, 005°09’E

Peru

Machu Picchu

62°05’S, 058°28’W

Poland

Henryk Arctowski

62°09’S, 058°27’W

Russia/USSR

Mirnyy

Pionerskaya (IGY only)

Oazis (Poland)

Kosomal’skaya (IGY only)

Vostok

Sovetskaya (IGY only)

66°33’S, 093°01’E

69°44’S, 095°30’E

66°16’S, 100°44’E

74°05’S, 097°29’E

78°28’S, 106°48’E

78°23’S, 087°32’E

Soviet Union

Lazarev (1959)

Novolazarevskaya (1961)

Molodezhnaya (1962)

Bellingshausen (1968)

Leningradskaya (1970)

Druzhnaya (1976)

Russkaya (1979)

Soyoz (1982)

Progress (1989)

70°00’S, 013°00’E

70°46’S, 011°50’E

67°40’S, 045°51’E

62°11’S, 058°58’W

69°30’S, 159°23’E

77°34’S, 040°13’W

74°42’S, 136°51’W

70°35’S, 068°47’E

69°23’S, 076°23’E

South Africa

SANAE (1960)

Borga (1969, summer)

Sarie Marais

70°41’S, 002°50’W

72°58’S, 003°48’W

72°03’S, 002°49’W

Spain

Juan Carlos Island

Gabriele de Castilla

62°39’S, 060°23’W

62°58’S, 060°41’W

Sweden

(Norway, Finland)

Wasa

Svea

73°03’S, 013°25’W

74°35’S, 011°13’W

Ukraine

(UK)

Akademik Vernadsky

(Faraday, UK)

65°15’S, 064°16’W

United Kingdom

Bird Island

Halley

Rothera

Signy (summer)

Fossil Bluff (1961–63, 1969–75)

Grytviken (King Edward Point)

Horseshoe Island

54°00’S, 038°03’W

74°35’S, 026°30’W

67°34’S, 068°07’W

60°43’S, 045°36’W

71°20’S, 068°17’W

54°17’S, 036°30’W

67°49’S, 067°18’W

USA

Byrd (1957)

Wilkes (Australia)

Ellsworth (1957–1962)

Hallett (New Zealand)

Plateau (1965–1968)

Amundsen-Scott

McMurdo

Palmer (1965)

Siple (1969)

Eights (1961–1965)

80°01’S, 119°32’W

66°15’S, 110°32’E

77°43’S, 041°08’W

72°18’S, 179°16’E

79°28’S, 040°35’E

90°S

77°51’S, 166°40’E

64°46’S, 064°03’W

75°33’S, 083°33’W

75°14’S, 077°10’W

Uruguay

Artigas (1984)

Teniente Puperto Elichiribehety

62°11’S, 058°54’W

63°24’S, 056°59’W

1.3 Member Nations of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) (Stonehouse 2002)

 

Dates of Joining

Nation

Associate Member

Full Member

Argentina

Australia

Belgium

Brazil

Bulgaria

Canada

Chile

China, R.R.

Colombiaa

Ecuador

Estonia

Finland

France

Germanyb

March 5, 1995

Sept. 5, 1994

July 23, 1990

Sept. 12, 1988

June 15, 1992

July 1, 1988

Feb. 3. 1958

Feb. 3. 1958

Feb. 3. 1958

Oct. 1, 1984

July 27, 1998

Feb. 3. 1958

June 23, 1986

June 15, 1992

July 23, 1990

March 3, 1958

May 22, 1978

India

Italy

Japan

Korea (South)

The Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Pakistan

Peru

Poland

Russia/USSRc

South Africa

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Ukraine

UK

USA

Uruguay

May 19, 1987

Dec. 8, 1987

May 20, 1987

June 15, 1992

April 14, 1987

Jan. 15, 1987

March 24, 1987

June 16, 1987

Sept. 5, 1994

July 29, 1987

Oct. 1, 1984

Sept. 12, 1988

Feb. 3, 1958

July 23, 1990

July 23, 1990

Feb., 3, 1958

Feb. 3. 1958

May 22, 1978

Feb. 3. 1958

Feb. 3. 1958

July 23, 1990

April 24, 1984

Feb. 3. 1958

Feb. 3. 1958

  1. aColombia withdrew from SCAR on July 3, 1995.
  2. bThe German Democratic Republic originally joined SCAR on September 9, 1981. Germany was later unified on October 3, 1990.
  3. cThe USSR was replaced by Russia in December of 1991.

1.4 International Symposia of Antarctic Research Organized by SCAR (Ford 2006)

Year

Country

City

Proceedings

1963

1970

1977

1982

1987

1891

1995

South Africa

Norway

USA

Australia

UK

Japan

Italy

New Zealand

Germany

Russia

Cape Town

Oslo

Madison

Adelaide

Cambridge

Tokyo

Siena

Wellington

Potsdam

St. Petersburg

Adie (1964)

Adie (1972)

Craddock (1982)

Oliver et al. (1983)

Thomson et al. (1991)

Yoshida et al. (1992)

Ricci (1997)

Gamble et al. (2002)

Fűtterer et al. (2006)

1999

2003 2008

1.5 Gondwana Conferences and Their Proceedings Volumes

Year

Country

City

Editor(s)

1. 1967

Argentina

Mar Del Plata

Anonymous (1970)

2. 1970

South Africa

Cape Town and Johannesburg

Haughton (1970)

3. 1973

Australia

Canberra

Campbell (1975)

4. 1977

India

Calcutta

Laskar and Raja Rao (1979a, b)

5. 1980

New Zealand

Wellington

Creswell and Vella (1981)

6. 1985

USA

Columbus, OH

McKenzie (1987a, b)

7. 1988

Brazil

Sao Paulo

Ulbrich and Rocha Campos (1991)

8. 1991

Australia

Hobart

Findlay et al. (1993)

9. 1994

India

Hyderabad

Anonymous (1994)

10. 1998

South Africa

Cape Town

Almond and DeWitt (1999)

11. 2002

New Zealand

Christchurch

Storey et al. (1999) Gondwana Res., 7 (1)

12. 2005

Argentina

Mendoza

 

13. 2008

China

Dali

 

1.6 Selected Volumes of the Antarctic Research Series of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) of Washingtion, DC (All Publications Listed Here Are Also Included in Section 1.10)

Volume

Year

Editor(s)

Title

2

1964

Mellor, M.

Antarctic snow and ice studies

4

1965

Waynick, A.T.

Geomagnetism and aeronomy; studies in the ionosphere, geomagnetism and atmospheric radio noise

6

1965

Hadley, J.B.

Geology and paleontology of the Antarctic

8

1966

Tedrow, J.C.F.

Antarctic soils and soil-forming processes

9

1966

Rubin, M.J.

Studies in Antarctic meteorology

15

1971

Reid, J.L.

Antarctic oceanology I

16

1971

Crary, A.P.

Antarctic snow and ice studies II

19

1972

Hayes, D.E.

Antarctic oceanology II: The Australian-New Zealand sector

21

1974

Foster, M.W.

Recent Antarctic and subantarctic brachiopods

22

1974

Gunderson, E.K.E.

Human adaptability to Antarctic conditions

25

1977

Businger, J.

Meteorological studies at Plateau Station

29

1978

Lanzerotti, L.J. and C.G. Park

Upper atmosphere research in Antarctica

33

1981

McGinnis, L.D.

Dry Valley drilling project

36

1982

Turner, M.D. and J.F. Splettstoesser

Geology of the central Transantarctic Mountains

42

1990

Bentley, C.R. and D.E. Hayes

The Ross Ice Shelf: Glaciology and geophysics

43

1985

Jacobs, S.

Oceanology of the Antarctic continental shelf

46

1986

Stump, E.

Geological investigations in Northern Victoria Land

48

1990

LeMasurier, W.E. and J.W. Thomson

Volcanoes of the Antarctic plate and southern ocean

50

1990

Elliot, D.H.

Contributions to Antarctic research I

51

1990

Splettstoesser, J.F. and G.A.M. Dreschhoff

Mineral resources potential of Antarctica

53

1991

Elliot, D.H.

Contributions to Antarctic research II

54

1991

Hayes, D.E.

Marine geological and geophysical atlas of the circum-Antarctic to 30°S

55

1992

Stilwell, J.D. and W.J. Zinsmeister

Molluscan systematics and biostratigraphy of the Lower Tertiary La Meseta Formation

56

1992

Kennett, J.P. and D.A. Warnke

The Antarctic paleoenvironement; A perspective on global change, Part I

57

1992

Elliot, D.H.

Contributions to Antarctic research III

59

1993

Green, W.J. and E.I. Friedmann

Physical and biochemical processes in Antarctic lakes

60

1993

Kennett, J.P. and D.A. Warnke

The Antarctic paleoenvironment: A perspective on global change, Part II

61

1994

Bromwich, D.H. and C.R. Stearns

Antarctic meteorology and climatology: Studies based on automatic weather stations

62

1994

Weiler, C.S. and P.A. Penhale

Ultraviolet radiation in Antarctica; Measurements and biological effects

66

1995

Kyle, P.R.

Volcanological and environemental studies of Mt. Erebus, Antarctica

67

1995

Elliot, D.H. and G.L. Blaisdell

Contributions to Antarctic research IV

68

1995

Cooper, A.K. et al.

Geology and seismic stratigraphy of the Antarctic margin, Part 1

71

1997

Barker, P.F. and A.K. Cooper

Geology and seismic stratigraphy of the Antarctic margin, Part 2

72

1998

Priscu, J.C.

Ecosystem dynamics in a polar desert: The McMurdo dry valleys, Antarctica

74

1998

Jeffries, M.O.

Antarctic sea ice: Physical processes, interactions, and variability

75

1998

Jacobs, S. and R. Weiss

Ocean, ice, and atmosphere; Interactions at the Antarctic continental margin

76

2000

Stilwell, J.D. and R.M. Feldmann

Paleobiology and paleoenvironments of Eocene rocks, McMurdo Sound, East Antarctica

77

2001

Alley, R.B. and R.A. Bindschadler

The West Antarctic ice sheet: Behavior and environment

78

2004

DiTullio, G.R. and R.B. Dunbar

Biogeochemistry of the Ross Sea

79

2003

Domack, E.W., A. Deventer, A. Burnett, R. Bindschadler, P. Convey, and M. Kirby

Antarctic Peninsula climate variability: Historical and paleoenvironmental perspectives

1.7 Memoirs, Special Papers, and Maps of the Geological Society of America (GSA) Relevant to Antarctica

Number

Year

Authors/editors

Titles

A. Special papers

336

1999

Ramos and Keppie

Laurentia-Gondwana connections before Pangea

339

1999

Dressler and Sharpton

Large meteorite impacts and planetary evolution II

356

2002

Koeberl and MacLeod

Catastrophic events and mass extinctions: Impacts and beyond

384

2005

Kenkman et al.

Large meteorite impacts III

B. Memoirs

170

1992

Webers et al.

Geology and paleontology of the Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica

187

1995

Veevers and Tewari

Gondwana master basin of peninsular India between Tethys and the interior of the Gondwanaland Province of Pangea

192

1999

Crowell

Pre-Mesozoic ice ages; Their bearing on understanding the climate system

Maps and charts

MCH 093F (folded)

2005

Davis and Blankenship

Geology of the Scott-Reedy glaciers area, southern Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica

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Faure, G., Mensing, T.M. (2011). The Exploration of Antarctica. In: The Transantarctic Mountains. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9390-5_1

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