Abstract
This chapter provides a context for the discussion on the emergence of adaptation measures in the four case studies presented in this volume through a brief discussion of the ways in which planned adaptations are being developed in eight European countries. Adaptation actions at different levels in Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway and Spain are described in order to provide an illustration of adaptation measures in a range of countries representing differing structural contexts, modes of decentralisation and histories of engagement in environmental policy. An additional section on planned adaptation as it has manifested in Canada and Australia is also presented to provide further ground for comparison with countries outside the European context. Results show a tenuous link between the extent to which countries have engaged in adaptation and their environmental policy implementation record, though some interesting links between environmental policy institutions and adaptation can be made. The extent to which unitary and federal nations have decentralised responsibility to sub-national tiers is shown to have an impact on the way in which regions and local authorities have engaged in adaptation. The role of both NGOs and the European Union is shown to be of significance to regional and local governments, as well as those countries who have not yet extensively engaged in adaptation at the national scale.
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Notes
- 1.
Interviews were conducted by telephone with representatives from Austria, France, Germany, Spain, Norway, the Netherlands and Australia, and transcribed in full (for further information on methodology, see Chapter 1). Though solicitations for interviews were also sent to representatives from Greece, these did not receive a timely response.
- 2.
As stated in Article 26 of the current draft of the Second Law currently under assessment.
- 3.
German states use the 2008 Federal Spatial Planning Act as a legally binding document to establish their own legislative structures and laws, though responsibility for implementation (and its enforcement) rests in the hands of the individual Länder.
- 4.
Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics. For European Regional Development Funding (ERDF), the principle administrative and planning unit is the NUTS II level.
- 5.
There is some controversy here, however. According to Czako and Mnatsakanian (2008), Romania published a general National Strategy on Climate Change in 2005 and has been working on individual action plans on climate change and adaptation. A draft action plan on adaptation was reportedly published in March 2008.
- 6.
The success of such informal communications were considered possible as a result of the small size of the country and the lack of competition between institutions; however, a formal institution may still be created, building on the successes and failures of institutions such as the UKCIP (Knowledge for Climate, interview).
- 7.
Specific reports have also been developed with regards to adaptation concerns in foreign development aid (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2007).
- 8.
The 15 sectors are: biodiversity, fishing and marine ecosystems, water resources, transport, forests, human health, agriculture, industry and energy, coastal zones, tourism, hunting and fishing, business and insurance, mountain areas, urban planning and infrastructure, and soils.
- 9.
These are: (1) water resource; (2) coastal regions; (3) biodiversity; (4) agriculture, fisheries and forestry; (5) human health; (6) tourism; (7) settlements, infrastructure and planning, and (8) natural disaster management.
References
Interviews and Personal Communications
Academy of Sciences/Budapest Corvinus University, Hungary. Telephone interview, November 26, 2009
Adaptation Policy Team, Department of Climate Change, Australia. Telephone interview, December 17, 2009.
Adaptation Program for the Norwegian Energy Sector, Norway. Personal communication, December 6, 2009.
BMLFUW, Austria. Telephone interview, December 3, 2009.
BMLFUW, Austria. Personal communication, December 11, 2009.
Climate Change Adaptation Unit, Spanish Climate Change Office, Spain. Telephone interview, November 18, 2009.
Directorate for Civil Protection and Emergency Planning (DSB), Norway. Telephone interview, December 3, 2009.
Directorate for Civil Protection and Emergency Planning (DSB), Norway. Personal communication, December 6, 2009.
Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Germany. Personal communication, December 19, 2009.
Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Germany. Telephone interview, November 13, 2009.
Knowledge for Climate, Netherlands. Telephone interview, November 12, 2009.
Metéo-France, France. Telephone interview, November 13, 2009.
Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment, Netherlands. Telephone interview, November 13, 2009.
Ministry of the Environment, Norway. Personal communication, December 4, 2009.
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Westerhoff, L. et al. (2010). Planned Adaptation Measures in Industrialised Countries: A Comparison of Select Countries Within and Outside the EU. In: Keskitalo, E. (eds) Developing Adaptation Policy and Practice in Europe: Multi-level Governance of Climate Change. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9325-7_7
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