Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Radar Applications

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Coral Reef Remote Sensing

Abstract

Active remote sensing by radar relies dominantly on the interaction between electromagnetic waves and sea surface waves, being capillary waves for microwave radars and surface gravity waves for radars operating below about 1 GHz. High Frequency and Very High Frequency radars provide high quality mapping of surface currents and some systems map wave heights on grid scales 50 m to 20 km. Scatterometers are microwave radar systems that map surface winds and sea roughness on large scales of 1,000 km2. Synthetic aperture radar makes observations at very fine resolution scales of a few meters, and is used to measure wave height and detect changes in surface roughness. Radar remote sensing from satellites, aircraft and shore platforms is a rapidly developing field that has the capacity to carry out monitoring observations on scales from reef lagoons to regional and global oceans.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Suggested Reading

  • Garello R, Romeiser R, Crout RL (2005) Special issue on synthetic aperture radar imaging of the ocean surface. IEEE J Ocean Eng 30(3):470–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harlan J, Terrill E, Keen C, Barrick D, Whelan C, Howden S, Kohut J (2010) The integrated observing system High-Frequency radar network: Status and local, regional and national applications. Mar Technol Soc J 44:122–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt LR, Heron ML, Garello R (eds) (2006) Special issue on HF/VHF ocean surface radars. J Ocean Eng 31(4)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson CR, Apel JR (eds) (2004) Synthetic aperture radar marine user’s manual. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Graber HC, Paduan J (1997) Special issue on high frequency radars for coastal oceanography. Oceanography 10(2)

    Google Scholar 

References

  • Apel J (2004) Oceanic internal waves and solitons. In: Jackson CR, Apel JR (eds) Synthetic aperture radar marine user’s manual. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrick DE (1977) The ocean wave height non-directional spectrum from inversion of the HF sea-echo Doppler spectrum. Remote Sens Environ 6:201–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Beal RC, Young G, Monaldo FM, Scott C, Thompson DR, Winstead NS (2005) High-resolution wind monitoring with wide swath SAR: a users guide. NOAA, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman RD, Graber HC (1997) Validation of HF radar measurements. Oceanography 10:76–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen M, Hasager C, Thompson D, Monaldo F (2008) Ocean winds from synthetic aperture radar. In: Niclos R (ed) Ocean remote sensing: recent techniques and applications research Signpost, Kerala. ISBN: 978-81-308-0268-8

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemente-Colón P (2004) Upwelling. In: Jackson CR, Apel JR (eds) Synthetic aperture radar marine user’s manual. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemente-Colón P, Montgomery D, Pichel W, Friedman K (1998) The use of synthetic aperture radar observations as indicators of fishing activity in the Bering Sea. J Adv Mar Sci Technol Soc 4:249–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemente-Colón P, Pichel W (2006) Remote sensing of marine pollution. In: Gower JFR, Rencz AN (eds) Manual of remote sensing, 3 edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemente-Colon P, Yan X-H, Pichel W (1997) Evolution of oil slick patterns as observed by SAR off the coast of Wales. In: Proceedings 3rd ERS symposium on space at the service of our environment, pp 565–568, 17–21 Mar 1997

    Google Scholar 

  • Collard F, Ardhuin F, Chapron B (2005) Extraction of coastal ocean wave fields from SAR images. IEEE J Ocean Eng 30(3):526–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook TM, De Paolo T, Terrill EJ (2007) Estimates of radial current errors from high frequency radar using MUSIC for bearing determination. IEEE OCEANS 2007, IEEE Xplore. doi: 10.1109/OCEANS.2007.4449265

  • Cox C, Munk WH (1954) Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter. J Mar Res 13:198–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Crombie DD (1955) Doppler spectrum of sea echo at 13.56 Mc/s. Nature 175:681–682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devlin MJ, Brodie J (2005) Terrestrial discharge into the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon: Nutrient behavior in coastal waters. Mar Pollut Bull 51:9–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiGiacomo PM, Holt B (2001) Satellite observations of small coastal ocean eddies in the Southern California Bight. J Geophys Res 106(C10):22521–22544

    Google Scholar 

  • DiMassa D, Heron ML, Mantovanelli A, Heron SF, Steinberg C (2010) Can vertical mixing from turbulent kinetic energy mitigate coral bleaching? An application of HF Ocean radar. IEEEOCEANS Sydney, IEEE Xplore

    Google Scholar 

  • DiMassa D, Heron ML, Mantovanelli A, Heron SF (2011) HF radar: a tool for coral reef planning and management. MTS/IEEE OCEANS Kona, IEEE Xplore

    Google Scholar 

  • Elfouhaily T, Chapron B, Katsaros K, Vandemark D (1997) A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind-driven waves. J Geophys Res 102:15781–15796

    Google Scholar 

  • Espedal HA, Johannessen OM, Johannessen JA, Dano E, Lyzenga DR, Knulst JC (1998) COASTWATCH’95: ERS 1/2 SAR detection of natural film on the ocean surface. J Geophys Res 103:24969–24982

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin EC (2008) An assessment of vessel traffic patterns in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands between 1994 and 2004. Mar Pollut Bull 56:136–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gade M, Alpers W (1999) Using ERS-2 SAR for routine observation of marine pollution in European coastal waters. Sci Total Environ 237–238:441–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gade M, Alpers W, Huhnerfuss H, Masuko H, Kobayashi T (1998) Imaging of biogenic and anthropogenic ocean surface films by the multifrequency/multipolarization SIR-C/X-SAR. J Geophys Res 103(C9):18851–18866

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Pineda O, Zimmer OB, Howard M, Pichel W, Li X, MacDonald IR (2009) Using SAR images to delineate ocean oil slicks with a texture-classifying neural network algorithm (TCNNA). Can J Remote Sens 35(5):411–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haapkylä J, Ramade F, Salvat B (2007) Oil pollution on coral reefs: a review of the state of knowledge and management needs. Vie et Milieu—Life and Environment 57:91–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Heron SF, Heron ML (1998) A comparison of algorithms for extracting significant wave height from HF radar ocean backscatter spectra. J Atmos Ocean Technol 15:1157–1163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heron ML, Marrone P (2010) Wind direction manifestation on HF Ocean radar echoes. IEEE OCEANS Sydney, IEEE Xplore

    Google Scholar 

  • Heron ML, Prytz A (2002) Wave height and wind direction from the HF coastal ocean surface radar. Can J Remote Sens 28:385–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heron ML, Prytz A (2011) The data archive for the phased array HF radars in the Australian Coastal Ocean radar network. IEEE OCEANS Santander, IEEE Xplore

    Google Scholar 

  • Heron ML, Skirving WJ, Michael KJ (2006) Ocean wave slope models for short wave remote sensing data analysis. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 44(7):1962–1973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hersbach H, Stoffelen A, de Haan S (2007) An improved C-band scatterometer ocean geophysical model function: CMOD5. J Geophys Res 112(C3):C03006

    Google Scholar 

  • Horstmann J, Koch W, Thompson DR, Graber HC (2006) Hurricane winds measured with synthetic aperture radar. Proceedings 2006 IEEE international geoscience remote sensing symposium, IEEE Xplore, Denver

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu C, Li X, Pichel WG, Muller-Karger FE (2009) Detection of natural oil slicks in the NW Gulf of Mexico using MODIS imagery. Geophys Res Lett 36:L01604. doi:10.1029/2008GL036119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson CR (2004) An atlas of internal solitary-like waves and their properties, 2nd edn. Global Ocean Associates, Alexandria. Available online at: http://www.internalwaveatlas.com. Accessed 02 Nov 2011

  • Johannes RE, Maragos JE, Coles SL (1972) Oil damages corals exposed to air. Mar Pollut Bull 3:29–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johannessen JA, Shuchman RA, Wackerman C, Digranes G, Lyzenga D, Johannessen OM (1994) Detection of surface current features with ERS-1 SAR. Proceedings second ERS-1 symposium—space at the service of our environment, ESA SP-361, Hamburg, Germany, pp 565–569, 11–14 Oct 1993

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannessen JA, Shuchman RA, Digranes G, Lyzenga DR, Wackerman C, Johannessen OM, Vachon PW (1996) Coastal ocean fronts and eddies imaged with ERS 1 synthetic aperture radar. J Geophys Res 101(C3):6651–6667

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohut JT, Roarty HJ, Glenn SM (2006) Characterizing observed environmental variability with HF Doppler radar surface currents mappers and acoustic Doppler current profilers. IEEE J Ocean Eng 31:876–884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Pichel W, He M, Wu S, Friedman K, Clemente-Colon P, Zhao C (2002) Observation of hurricane-generated Ocean swell refraction at the gulf stream North Wall with the RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 40(10):2131–2142. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2002.802474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Zheng W, Pichel WG, Zou C-Z, Clemente-Colon P (2007) Coastal katabatic winds imaged by SAR. Geophys Res Lett 34:L03804. doi:10.1029/2006GL028055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Zheng W, Zou C-Z, Pichel WG (2008a) A SAR observation and numerical study on ocean surface imprints of atmospheric vortex streets. Sensors 8:3321–3334. doi:10.3390/s80533212008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Zheng W, Yang X, Li Z, Pichel WG (2011) Sea surface imprints of coastal mountain lee waves imaged by SAR. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2010JC006643

    Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Li C, Xu Q, Pichel W (2009a) Sea surface manifestations of signatures of along-tidal-channel underwater ridges imaged by SAR. Trans Geosci Remote Sens 47(8):2467–2477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Zhao Z, Pichel WG (2008b) Internal solitary waves in the northwestern South China Sea inferred from satellite images. Geophys Res Lett 35(L13605). doi:10.1029/2008GL034272

  • Li X, Li C, He M (2009b) Coastal upwelling observed by multi-satellite sensors. Science in China Series D: Earth Sci 52(7):1030–1038. doi:10.1007/s11430-009-0088-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Li C, Pichel WG, Clemente-Colón P, Friedman K (2005) Synthetic aperture radar imaging of axial convergence fronts in Cook Inlet, Alaska. IEEE J Oceanic Eng. doi:10.1109/JOE.2005.857510

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu AK, Wu SY, Tseng WY, Pichel WG (2000) Wavelet analysis of SAR images for coastal monitoring. Can J Remote Sens 26(6):494–500

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu P, Zhao C, Li C, He M, Pichel WG (2010) Identification of ocean oil spills in SAR imagery based on fuzzy logic algorithm. Int J Remote Sens 31(17):4819–4833

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu J, Lim H, Liew SC, Bao M, Kwoh LK (1999) Oil pollution statistics in Southeast Asian waters compiled from ERS SAR imagery. Earth Obs Quart ESA Publ EOQ 61:13–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyden JD, Hammond RR, Lyzenga DR, Shuchman RA (1988) Synthetic aperture radar imaging of surface ship wakes. J Geophys Res 93(C10):12293–12303

    Google Scholar 

  • Mantovanelli A, Heron ML, Prytz A (2010) The use of HF radar surface currents for computing Lagrangian trajectories: benefits and issues. In: Proceedings IEEE Oceans 2010, 24–27 May 2010, Sydney, Australia

    Google Scholar 

  • Manzello D, Hendee JC, Ward D, Hillis-Starr Z (2006) An evaluation of environmental parameters coincident with the partial bleaching event in St. Croix, US Virgin Islands 2003. Proceedings 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan, pp 709–717

    Google Scholar 

  • McCulloch M, Fallon S, Wyndham T, Hendy E, Lough J, Barnes D (2003) Coral record of increased sediment flux to the inner Great Barrier Reef since European settlement. Nature 421:727–730

    Google Scholar 

  • Monaldo F, Kerbaol V, Clemente-Colón P, Furevik B, Horstmann J, Johannessen J, Li X, Pichel W, Sikora T, Thompson D, Wackerman C (2004a) The SAR measurement of ocean surface winds: an overview. Proceedings second workshop on coastal and marine applications of synthetic aperture radar, Svalbard, Norway, SP-565, European Space Agency, pp 15–32, 8–12 September, 2003

    Google Scholar 

  • Monaldo F, Thompson D, Beal R, Pichel WG, Clemente-Colón P (2001) Comparisons of SAR-derived wind speed with model predictions and ocean buoy measurements. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 3(12):2587–2600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monaldo FM, Thompson DR, Pichel WG, Clemente-Colón P (2004b) A systematic comparison of QuikSCAT and SAR ocean surface wind speeds. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 42(2):283–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mouche AA, Chapron B, Reul N (2007) A simplified asymptotic theory for ocean surface electromagnetic wave scattering. Waves Random Complex Media 17(3):321–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mugliaccio M, Nunziata F, Gambardella A (2009) On the copolarised phase difference for oil spill observation. Int J Remote Sens 30(6):1587–1602

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mumby PJ, Skirving W, Strong AE, Hardy JT, LeDrew EF, Hochberg EJ, Stumpf RP, David LT (2004) Remote sensing of coral reefs and their physical environment. Mar Pollut Bull 48:219–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadel F, Freilich MH, Long DE (1991) Spaceborne radar measurement of wind velocity over the ocean—an overview of the NSCAT scattereometer system. Proc IEEE 79:850–866

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pichel WG, Clemente-Colón P, Wackerman C, Friedman K (2004) Ship and wake detection. In: Jackson CR, Apel JR (eds) Synthetic aperture radar marine user’s manual. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Pichel WG, Li X, Monaldo F, Sikora T, Jackson C (2008) High-velocity wind measurements using synthetic aperture radar, 2008. Proceedings international geoscience and remote sensing symposium (IGARSS 2008), Boston, 7–11 July 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • Quilfen YB, Chapron B, Elfouhaily T, Katsaros K, Tournadre J (1998) Observation of tropical cyclones by high-resolution scatterometry. J Geophys Res 103:7767–7786

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sikora T, Friedman KS, Pichel WG, Clemente-Colón P (2000) Synthetic aperture radar as a tool for investigating polar mesoscale cyclones. Weather Forecast 15(6):745–758

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sikora TD, Ufermann S (2004) Marine atmospheric boundary layer cellular convection and longitudinal roll vortices. In: Jackson CR, Apel JR (eds) Synthetic aperture radar marine user’s manual. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Simecek-Beatty D, Clemente-Colón P (2004) Locating a sunken vessel using SAR imagery: detection of oil spilled from the SS Jacob Luckenbach. Int J Remote Sens 25(11):2233–2241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simecek-Beatty D, Pichel WG (2006) RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar analysis for M/V Selendang Ayu oil spill. Proceedings twenty-ninth arctic and marine oilspill program (AMOP) technical seminar vol 2. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, pp 931–949, 6–8 June 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson JH, Hunter JR (1974) Fronts in the Irish Sea. Nature 250:404–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuming L, Li Z, Yang X, Pichel WG, Yu Y, Zheng Q, Li X (2010) Atmospheric frontal gravity waves observed in satellite SAR images of the Bohai Sea and Huanghai Sea. Acta Oceanol Sin 29(5):35–43. doi:10.1007/s13131-010-0061-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skirving WJ, Heron ML, Heron SF (2006) The hydrodynamics of a bleaching event: Implications for management and monitoring. In: Phinney JT et al (eds) Coral reefs and climate change: science and management. Am Geophys Union, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Stofflen A, Anderson D (1997) Scatterometer data interpretation: measurement and inversion. J Atmos Ocean Technol 14:1298–1313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson DR, Elfouhaily TM, Chapron B (1998) Polarization ratio for microwave backscattering from the ocean surface at low to moderate incidence angles. Proceedings 1998 international geoscience remote sensing symposium seattle WA, IEEE

    Google Scholar 

  • Trivero P, Fiscella B, Gomez F, Pavese P (1998) SAR detection and characterization of sea surface slicks. Int J Remote Sens 19(3):543–548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ullman DS, O’Donnell J, Kohut J, Fake T, Allen A (2006) Trajectory prediction using HF radar surface currents: Monte Carlo simulations of prediction uncertainties. J Geophys Res 111:C12005. doi:10.1029/2006JC003715

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vachon P, Thomas SJ, Cranton J, Edel HR, Henschel MD (2000) Validation of ship detection by the RADARSAT synthetic aperture radar and the ocean monitoring workstation. Can J Remote Sens 26:200–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Vachon P, Monaldo M, Holt B, Lehner S (2004) Ocean surface waves and spectra. In: Jackson CR, Apel JR (eds) Synthetic aperture radar marine user’s manual. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Vachon P, Wolfe J (2010) C-Band cross-polarization wind speed retrieval. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett 99:456–459. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2010.2085417

    Google Scholar 

  • Wackerman C, Friedman K, Pichel WG, Clemente-Colón P, Li X (2001) Automatic detection of ships in RADARSAT-1 SAR imagery. Can J Remote Sens 27:568–577

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahl T, Skøelv Å, Anderssen T, Pedersen JP, Andersen JH, Follum OA, Strøm GD, Bern TI, Hamnes H, Solberg R (1996) Radar satellites: A new tool for pollution monitoring in coastal waters. Coastal Manag 24:61–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y-H, Dai C-F, Chen Y–Y (2007) Physical and ecological processes of internal waves on an isolated reef ecosystem in the South China Sea. Geophys Res Lett 34:L18609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winstead NS, Colle B, Bond N, Young G, Olson J, Loescher K, Monaldo F, Thompson D, Pichel WG (2006) Using SAR remote sensing, field observations, and models to better understand coastal flows in the Gulf of Alaska. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 87:787–800

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wismann V, Gade M, Alpers W, Huhnerfuss H (1998) Radar signatures of marine mineral oil spills measured by an airborne multi-frequency radar. Int J Remote Sens 19:3607–3623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolanski E, Deleersnijder E (1998) Island-generated internal waves at Scott Reef, Western Australia. Cont Shelf Res 18:1649–1666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolanski E, Colin P, Naithani J, Deleersnijder E, Golbuu Y (2004) Large amplitude, leaky, island-generated, internal waves around Palau, Micronesia. Estuar Coastal Shelf Sci 60:705–716

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu SY, Liu AK (2003) Towards an automated ocean feature detection, extraction, and classification scheme for SAR imagery. Int J Remote Sens 24(5):935–951

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt LR, Holden GJ (1994) HF radar measurement of multi-modal directional wave spectra. Glob Atmos Ocean Syst 2:265–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu Q, Lin H, Li X, Zuo J, Zheng Q, Pichel W, Yuguang L (2010) Assessment of an analytical model for sea surface wind speed retrieval from spaceborne SAR. Int J Remote Sens 3(4):993–1008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang X, Li X, Zheng Q, Gu X, Pichel WG, Li Z (2011) Comparison of ocean surface winds retrieved from QuikSCAT scatterometer and Radarsat-1 SAR in offshore waters of the US West Coast. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett 8(1):163–167. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2010.2053345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young GS, Sikora TD, Winstead NS (2005) Use of synthetic aperture radar in fine-scale surface analysis of synoptic-scale fronts at sea. Weather Forecast 20:311–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young IR, Black KP, Heron ML (1994) Circulation in the ribbon reef region of the Great Barrier Reef. Cont Shelf Res 14:117–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Liu AK, Hsu M-K (2008) Internal wave refraction observed from sequential satellite images. Int J Remote Sens 29(21):6381–6390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang B, Perrie W, Li X, Pichel WG (2011) Mapping sea surface oil slicks using RADARSAT-2 quad-polarization SAR image. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2011GL047013

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng Q, Clemente-Colón P, Yan X-H, Liu WT, Huang NE (2004) Satellite SAR detection of Delaware Bay plumes: Jet-like feature analysis. J Geophys Res 109(C3):C03031. doi:10.1029/2003JC002100

Download references

Acknowledgments

Data were drawn from the Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) archive for some of the HF radar images. RADARSAT-1 SAR imagery was processed by the Alaska Satellite Facility of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks. ENVISAT imagery was processed by the European Space Agency. The authors wish to thank Frank Monaldo of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Xiaofeng Li of GST at NOAA/NESDIS, and Christopher Jackson of Global Ocean Associates for SAR product development and processing of the figures shown and products discussed. The views, opinions, and findings contained in this paper are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official NOAA or U.S. Government position, policy, or decision.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Geophysical Laboratory, School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia

    Malcolm L. Heron

  2. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia

    Malcolm L. Heron

  3. Center for Satellite Applications and Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NCWCP, E/RA3, Room 3229, 5030 University Research Ct, College Park, MD, 30740-3818, USA

    William G. Pichel

  4. Coral Reef Watch, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 675 Ross River Rd, Townville, QLD, 4817, Australia

    Scott F. Heron

  5. Marine Geophysical Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia

    Scott F. Heron

Authors
  1. Malcolm L. Heron
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. William G. Pichel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Scott F. Heron
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Malcolm L. Heron .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, 00681, Puerto Rico

    James A. Goodman

  2. Oceanographic Center, National Coral Reef Institute, Nova Southeastern University, N. Ocean Drive 8000, Dania Beach, 33004, Florida, USA

    Samuel J. Purkis

  3. School of Geography, Planning, and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia

    Stuart R. Phinn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Heron, M.L., Pichel, W.G., Heron, S.F. (2013). Radar Applications. In: Goodman, J., Purkis, S., Phinn, S. (eds) Coral Reef Remote Sensing. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9292-2_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation