Abstract
New Zealand is a small archipelago at temperate latitudes in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, and has been isolated there since separating from Gondwana about 80 million years ago. Its freshwater fish fauna was discovered beginning with visits by James Cook in the late eighteenth century, and Charles Darwin in the 1830s. Early descriptions of the fauna were by European ichthyologists, but locally domiciled workers took over in the last third of the nineteenth century and the fauna’s taxonomy was substantially clarified by amateur naturalist Gerald Stokell in the 1940s and 1950s. In the modern era the advent of DNA sequencing technology has led to clarification of the taxonomy and the recognition of new cryptic taxa. Additional species have appeared in the fauna towards the end of the twentieth century through natural dispersal and possibly discharges of ships’ ballast water. Today, c. 40 species are recognised, over half in the family Galaxiidae, with the second largest group being Eleotridae. A modest diversity of fossil taxa has been found, mostly from Miocene lake deposits, including at least one belonging to a perciform family not otherwise known from New Zealand.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allibone RM (1999) Impoundment and introductions: their impacts on native fish of the upper Waipori River. New Zealand J R Soc N Z 29:291–299
Allibone RM, McDowall RM (1997) Conservation ecology of the dusky galaxias, Galaxias pullus (Teleostei: Galaxiidae). N Z Cons Sci Publ 6:1–48
Allibone RM, Townsend CR (1997a) Distribution of four recently discovered galaxiid species in the Taieri River, New Zealand: the role of microhabitat. J Fish Biol 51:1235–1246
Allibone RM, Townsend CR (1997b) Reproductive biology, species status and taxonomic relationships of four recently discovered galaxiid fishes in a New Zealand river. J Fish Biol 51:1247–1261
Allibone RM, Townsend CR (1998) Comparative dietary analysis of a recently described fish species complex (Galaxiidae) in a New Zealand river. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 32:351–361
Allibone RM, Wallis GP (1993) Genetic variation and diadromy in some New Zealand galaxiids (Teleostei: Galaxiidae). Biol J Linn Soc 50:19–33
Allibone RM, Crowl TA, Holmes JM, King TM, McDowall RM, Townsend CR, Wallis GP (1996) Isozyme analysis of Galaxias species (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from the Taieri River, South Island, New Zealand: a species complex revealed. Biol J Linn Soc 57:107–127
Avise J (2009) Phylogeography: retrospect and prospect. J Biogeogr 36:3–15
Barker JM, Lambert DM (1988) A genetic analysis of populations of Galaxias maculatus from the Bay of Plenty: implications for natal river return. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 22:321–326
Begg AC, Begg NC (1969) James Cook and New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington, N Z, 158 pp
Bloch ME, Schneider JG (1801) Systema Ichthyologiae. Sanderiano, Berlin, Germany, 514 pp
Burnet AMR (1959) Electric fishing with pulsatory direct current. N Z J Sci 2:46–56
Clarke FE (1899) Notes on New Zealand Galaxidae, more especially those of the western slopes: with descriptions of new species. Trans Proc N Z Inst 31:78–91
Cooper RA, Millener PR (1993) The New Zealand biota: historical background and new research. Trends Ecol Evol 8:429–433
Cranfield HJ (1962) Studies on the systematics of Gobiomorphus gobioides (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Unpublished MSc Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, N Z, 240 pp
Craw D, Norris RJ (2003) Landforms. In: Darby J, Fordyce RE, Mark A, Probert K, Townsend C (eds) The natural history of southern New Zealand. University of Otago, Dunedin, N Z, pp 17–34
Crow SK, Waters JM, Closs GP, Wallis GD (2009) Morphological and genetic analysis of Galaxias ‘southern’ and G. gollumoides: interspecific differentiation and intraspecific structuring. J R Soc N Z 29:43–62
Cuvier G, Valenciennes A (1837) Histoire Naturelle des Poissons 12:247–250
Darlington PJ (1957) Zoogeography: the geographical distribution of animals. Wiley, New York, 675 pp
Darwin C (1859) The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. Murray, London, 502 pp
Dijkstra LH, Jellyman DJ (1999) Is the subspecies classification of the freshwater eels Anguilla australis australis Richardson and A. australis schmidtii Phillipps still valid? Mar Freshwater Res 50:261–263
Douglas BJ (1986) Lignite resources of Central Otago, Manuherikia Group of Central Otago, New Zealand: stratigraphy, depositional systems, lignite resource assessment and exploration models. N Z Energy Res Devel Comm Publ. 2 vols
Elkington SP, Charteris SC (2005) Freshwater fish of the upper Waitaki Valley. Department of Conservation, Christchurch, N Z, 44 pp
Esa YB, Waters JM, Wallis GP (2001) Introgressive hybridization between Galaxias depressiceps and Galaxias sp. D (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) in Otago, New Zealand: secondary contact mediated by water races. Conserv Genet 1:329–339
Feldman RM, Pole M (1994) A new species of Paranephrops White, 1842 a fossil decapod crayfish (Decapoda: Parastacidae) from the Manuherikia Group (Miocene) Central Otago, New Zealand. N Z J Geol Geophys 37:163–167
Gleeson DM, Howitt RLJ, Ling N (1999) Genetic variation, population structure and cryptic species within the black mudfish, Neochanna diversus, an endemic galaxiid from New Zealand. Mol Ecol 8:47–57
Gmelin JF (1789) Systema naturae, 6 vols, 13th edn. Lichenstein, Lipsiae, Germany
Gray JE (1842) Three hitherto unrecorded species of freshwater fish brought from New Zealand and presented to the British Museum by Dr Dieffenbach. In: Gray JE (ed) The zoological miscellany. Trentell, Wurtz, London, p 73
Günther A (1967) On a new form of mudfish from New Zealand. Ann Mag Nat Hist 3:305–309
Günther A (1870) Notes on Prototroctes, a fish from fresh waters of the Australian region. Proc Zool Soc Lond 1870:150–152
von Haast J (1873) Notes on some undescribed fishes of New Zealand. Trans Proc N Z Inst 5:272–278
von Haast J (1874) On Cheimarrichthys fosteri, a new genus belonging to the New Zealand freshwater fishes. Trans Proc N Z Inst 6:103–104
Harris JH, Rowland SJ (1996) Australian freshwater cods and basses. In: McDowall RM (ed) Freshwater fishes of southeastern Australia. Reed, Sydney, NSW, Australia, pp 150–163
Hector J (1871) On the Salmonidae of New Zealand. Trans Proc N Z Inst 3:133–136
Hutton FW (1873) Contributions to the ichthyology of New Zealand. Trans Proc N Z Inst 5:259–272
Jellyman DJ, Dijkstra LH, Chisnall BL, Boubée JAT (1996) The first record of the Australian longfinned eel, Anguilla reinhardtii, in New Zealand. Mar Freshwater Res 47:1037–1040
Jenyns L (1842) Fish. In: Darwin C (ed) The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle 4:1–172. Smith Elder, London
Johnson GD, Patterson C (1996) Relationships of lower euteleostean fishes. In: Stiassny MLJ, Parenti LR, Johnson GD (eds) Interrelationships of fishes. Academic, New York, pp 251–332
Jones MEH, Tennyson AJD, Worthy JP, Evans SE, Worthy TH (2009) A sphenodontine (Rhynchocephalia) from the Miocene of New Zealand and the palaeobiogeography of the tuatara (Sphenodon). Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 276:1385–1390
Kennedy EM, Alloway BV (2004) Paleoclimate assessment, paleobotany and stratigraphy of a mid-Pleistocene lacustrine section, Ormond Valley, Gisborne. IGNS Sci Rep 2004(13):1–32
Kennedy EM, Alloway BV, Mildenhall DC, Cochran U, Pillans BV (2008) An integrated terrestrial paleoenvironmental record from the mid-Pleistocene transition, eastern North Island, New Zealand. Quatern Internat 178:146–166
King M (2007) The Penguin history of New Zealand illustrated. Penguin, Auckland, N Z, 563 pp
King TM, Wallis GP (1998) Fine scale genetic structuring in endemic galaxiid fish populations of the Taieri River. N Z J Zool 25:17–22
Lee DE, Bannister JM, Lindqvist JK (2006) Fossil flowers, fruit, leaves, diatoms, sponges, fish and insects from a Central Otago lake deposit: a diverse, 20 million year old forest lake ecosystem. Geol Soc N Z Misc Publ 121:22–24
Lee DE, McDowall RM, Lindqvist JK (2007) Galaxias fossils from Miocene Lake deposits, Central Otago, New Zealand: the earliest records of the Southern Hemisphere family Galaxiidae (Teleostei). J R Soc N Z 37:109–130
Ling N, Gleeson DM (2001) A new species of mudfish, Neochanna (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from northern New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 31:385–392
Maitland PS, Campbell RN (1992) Freshwater fishes of the British Isles. Harper Collins, London, 368 pp
Matsuura K, Doi A, Shinohara G (2000) Distribution of freshwater fishes in Japan: supplement to catalog of the freshwater fish collection in the National Science Museum. Tokyo, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan, 256 pp
Mayr E (1942) Systematics and the origin of species - from the viewpoint of a zoologist. Columbia University, New York, 334 pp
McDowall RM (1964a) A redescription of the freshwater red-finned bully, Gobiomorphus huttoni (Ogilby). Trans R Soc N Z Zool 3:3–15
McDowall RM (1964b) The affinities and derivation of the New Zealand fresh-water fish fauna. Tuatara 12:59–67
McDowall RM (1965) Descriptive and taxonomic notes on Grahamichthys radiatus (Valenciennes), Eleotridae. Trans R Soc N Z Zool 7:51–56
McDowall RM (1969) Relationships of galaxioid fishes, with a further discussion of salmoniform classification. Copeia 1969:796–824
McDowall RM (1970) The galaxiid fishes of New Zealand. Bull Mus Comp Zool Harv Univ 139:341–431
McDowall RM (1971) The identity of Eleotris radiata Valenciennes (Pisces: Eleotridae). Copeia 1971:731–732
McDowall RM (1972) The species problem in freshwater fishes and the taxonomy of diadromous and lacustrine populations of Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns). J R Soc N Z 2:325–367
McDowall RM (1973) Relationships and taxonomy of the New Zealand torrentfish, Cheimarrichthys fosteri Haast (Pisces: Mugiloididae). J R Soc N Z 3:199–217
McDowall RM (1975a) Gerald Stokell’s “Freshwater and diadromous fishes of New Zealand” in the context of his other published works, with a bibliography of his publications. J R Soc N Z 5:219–223
McDowall RM (1975b) A revision of the New Zealand species of Gobiomorphus (Pisces: Eleotridae). Natl Mus N Z Rec 1:1–32
McDowall RM (1976) Notes on some Galaxias fossils from the Pliocene of New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 6:17–22
McDowall RM (1988) Diadromy in fishes: migrations between freshwater and marine environments. Croom Helm, London, 309 pp
McDowall RM (1990) New Zealand freshwater fishes: a natural history and guide. Heinemann Reed, Auckland, N Z, 553 pp
McDowall RM (1994a) Gamekeepers for the nation: the story of New Zealand’s acclimatisation societies, 1861-1990. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, N Z, 512 pp
McDowall RM (1994b) The Tarndale bully, Gobiomorphus alpinus (Pisces: Eleotridae) revisited and redescribed. J R Soc N Z 24:117–124
McDowall RM (1997) Two further new species of Galaxias (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from the Taieri River, southern New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 27:199–217
McDowall RM (2000a) The Reed field guide to New Zealand freshwater fishes. Reed, Wellington, N Z, 224 pp
McDowall RM (2000b) Gerald Stokell – 1890-1972: horticulturalist, ichthyologist. Dictionary N Z Biog 5:499–500
McDowall RM (2001) Parioglossus (Teleostei: Microdesmidae) in New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 35:165–172
McDowall RM (2002) Accumulating evidence for a dispersal biogeography of southern cool temperate freshwater fishes. J Biogeogr 29:207–220
McDowall RM (2003a) Variation in vertebral number in galaxiid fishes (Teleostei: Galaxiidae): a legacy of life history, latitude and length. Environ Biol Fish 66:361–381
McDowall RM (2003b) Shads and diadromy: implications for ecology, evolution and biogeography. In: Limburg KA, Waldman JR (eds) Status and conservation of the world’s shads. Am Fish Soc Symp 35:11–23
McDowall RM (2004) The Chatham Islands endemic galaxiid: a Neochanna mudfish (Teleostei: Galaxiidae). J R Soc N Z 34:315–331
McDowall RM (2006) The taxonomic status, distribution and identification of the Galaxias vulgaris species complex in the eastern/southern South Island and Stewart Island. NIWA Client Rep CHCDOC2006-081:1–40
McDowall RM (2008) Pattern and process in the biogeography of New Zealand – a global microcosm? J Biogeogr 35:197–212
McDowall RM (in press) Ikawai: freshwater fishes in Maori culture and economy. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, N Z
McDowall RM, Allibone RM (1994) Possible competitive exclusion of common river galaxias (Galaxias vulgaris) by koaro (G. brevipinnis) following impoundment of the Waipori River, Otago, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 24:161–168
McDowall RM, Chadderton WL (1999) Galaxias gollumoides (Teleostei: Galaxiidae), a new fish species from Stewart Island, with notes on other non-migratory freshwater fishes present on the island. J R Soc N Z 29:77–88
McDowall RM, David BO (2008) Gobiopterus in New Zealand (Teleostei: Gobiidae) with observations on sexual dimorphism. N Z J Mar Freshwater 42:325–331
McDowall RM, Hewitt J (2004) Attempts to distinguish morphotypes in the Canterbury-Otago non-migratory Galaxias species complex. DOC Sci Internal Ser 165:1–18
McDowall RM, Lee DE (2005) Probable perciform fish scales from a Miocene freshwater lake deposit, Central Otago, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 35:339–344
McDowall RM, Pole M (1997) A large galaxiid fossil (Teleostei) from the Miocene of Central Otago, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 27:193–198
McDowall RM, Stevens MI (2007) Taxonomic status of the Tarndale bully Gobiomorphus alpinus (Teleostei: Eleotridae), revisited – again. J R Soc N Z 37:15–29
McDowall RM, Wallis GP (1996) Description and redescription of Galaxias species (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from Otago and Southland. J R Soc N Z 26:401–427
McDowall RM, Waters JM (2002) A new longjaw galaxias species (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from the Kauru River, North Otago, New Zealand. N Z J Zool 29:41–52
McDowall RM, Waters JM (2003) A new species of Galaxias (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 33:675–691
McDowall RM, Whitaker AH (1975) The freshwater fishes. In: Kuschel G (ed) Biogeography and ecology in New Zealand. Monogr Biol 27:277–299
McDowall RM, Allibone RM, Chadderton WL (2001) Issues for the conservation and management of Falkland Islands freshwater fishes. Aquatic Conserv Mar Freshwater Ecosyst 11:473–486
McDowall RM, Jellyman DJ, Dijkstra LH (1998) Arrival of an Australian anguillid eel in New Zealand: an example of transoceanic dispersal. Environ Biol Fishes 51:1–6
McDowall RM, Kennedy EM, Alloway BV (2006a) A fossil southern grayling, genus Prototroctes (Teleostei: Retropinnidae), from the Pleistocene of northeastern New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 36:27–36
McDowall RM, Kennedy EM, Lindqvist JK, Lee DE, Gregory MR (2006b) Probable Gobiomorphus fossils from the Miocene and Pleistocene of New Zealand (Teleostei: Eleotridae). J R Soc N Z 36:97–109
Mitchell CP (1995) A new species of Galaxias (Pisces: Galaxiidae) from Chatham Island, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 25:89–93
Mitchell CP, Scott D (1979) Muscle myogens in the New Zealand Galaxiidae. N Z J of Mar Freshwater Res 2:285–294
Molnar RE, Pole M (1997) A Miocene crocodile from New Zealand. Alcheringa 21:65–70
Myers GS (1938) Fresh-water fishes and West-Indian zoogeography. Smithson Rep 1937:339–364
Myers GS (1949) Salt tolerance of fresh-water fish groups in relation to zoogeographical problems. Bijd Dierk 28:315–322
Myers GS (1951) Fresh-water fishes and East Indian zoogeography. Stanf Ichthyol Bull 4:11–21
Nelson JS (2006) Fishes of the world 4th ed. Wiley, New York, 601 pp
Ogilby JD (1894) Description of five new fishes from the Australasian region. Proc Linn Soc NSW 9(2):374
Oliver WRB (1928) The flora of the Waipaoa series (later Pliocene) of New Zealand. Trans Proc N Z Inst 59:287–303
Oliver WRB (1936) The Tertiary flora of the Kaikorai Valley, Otago, New Zealand. Trans Proc R Soc N Z 66:284–304
Phillipps WJ (1919) Life history of the fish Galaxias attenuatus. Aust Zool 1:211–213
Phillipps WJ (1923a) The New Zealand smelt, Retropinna retropinna. N Z J Sci Technol 6:166–167
Phillipps WJ (1923b) Note on the occurrence of the New Zealand mudfish or hauhau (Neochanna apoda). N Z J Sci Tech 6:62–63
Phillipps WJ (1924a) The New Zealand minnow. N Z J Sci Tech 7:117–119
Phillipps WJ (1924b) The koaro: New Zealand’s subterranean fish. N Z J Sci Tech 7:190–191
Phillipps WJ (1925) New Zealand eels. N Z J Sci Tech 8:28–30
Phillipps WJ (1926) New or rare fishes of New Zealand. Trans Proc N Z Inst 56:529–537
Phillipps WJ (1929) Notes on the fresh-water papanoko (Cheimarrichthys fosteri Haast). N Z J Sci Tech 11:166–168
Phillipps WJ (1940) The fishes of New Zealand. Avery, New Plymouth, N Z, 87 pp
Pietsch TW (1989) Phylogenetic relationships of trachinoid fishes of the family Uranoscopidae. Copeia 1989:253–303
Pole M, Douglas B, Mason G (2003) The terrestrial Miocene biota of southern New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 33:415–426
Regan CT (1905) A revision of the fishes of the family Galaxiidae. Proc R Soc, London 2:363–384
Richardson J (1848) Ichthyology of the voyage of the HMS Erebus and Terror. In: The voyage of HMS. Erebus and Terror. Janson, London, 139 pp
Romer AS (1966) Vertebrate paleontology. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 468 pp
Sauvage MHE (1880) Notice sur quelques poissons de l’Isle Campbell et de l’Indo China. Bull Soc Philom Paris 4(7):228–234
Smith PJ, McVeagh SM, Allibone RM (2003) The Tarndale bully revisited with molecular markers: an ecophenotype of the common bully, Gobiomorphus cotidianus (Pisces: Gobiidae). J R Soc N Z 33:663–673
Smith PJ, McVeagh SM, Allibone RM (2005) Extensive genetic differentiation in Gobiomorphus breviceps from New Zealand. J Fish Biol 67:627–639
Stevens MI, Hicks BJ (2009) Mitochondrial DNA reveals monophyly of New Zealand’s Gobiomorphus (Teleostei: Eleotridae) amongst a morphological complex. Evol Ecol Res 11:109–123
Stokell G (1928) Report on preliminary examination of trout scales and stomachs. Ann Rep N Canterbury Accl Soc 64:4
Stokell G (1936) The nematode parasites of Lake Ellesmere trout. Trans R Soc N Z 66:80–96
Stokell G (1938a) The ill-conditioned trout present in the lower Selwyn during the spring of 1932. Trans R Soc N Z 68:380–389
Stokell G (1938b) A new species of Galaxias with a note on the second occurrence of Galaxias burrowsii Phillipps. Rec Canterbury Mus 4:203–208
Stokell G (1939) A new freshwater fish of the genus Philypnodon. Trans Proc R Soc N Z 69:129–133
Stokell G (1941a) A revision of the genus Retropinna. Rec Canterbury Mus 4:361–372
Stokell G (1941b) A revision of the genus Gobiomorphus. Trans R Soc N Z 70:361–372
Stokell G (1945) The systematic arrangement of the New Zealand Galaxiidae. Part I. Generic and sub-generic classification. Trans R Soc N Z 75:124–137
Stokell G (1949a) A freshwater smelt from the Chatham Islands. Rec Canterbury Mus 5:205–207
Stokell G (1949b) The systematic arrangement of the New Zealand Galaxiidae. Part II. Specific classification. Trans R Soc N Z 77:472–496
Stokell G (1954) Contributions to galaxiid taxonomy. Trans R Soc N Z 82:411–418
Stokell G (1955) Freshwater fishes of New Zealand. Simpson & Williams, Christchurch, N Z, 145 pp
Stokell G (1959) Notes on galaxiids and eleotrids with descriptions of new species. Trans Proc R Soc N Z 87:265–269
Stokell G (1960) The validity of Galaxias postvectis Clarke, with notes on other species. Rec Dominion Mus 3:235–239
Stokell G (1962) A new species of Gobiomorphus. Trans R Soc N Z Zool 2:32–34
Stokell G (1966) A preliminary investigation of the systematics of some Tasmanian Galaxiidae. Pap Proc R Soc Tasm 100:73–79
Thacker CE (2003) Molecular phylogeny of the gobioid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Gobioidei). Mol Phylogen Evol 26:354–368
Thacker CE, Hardman MA (2005) Molecular phylogeny of basal gobioid fishes: Rhyacichthyidae, Odontobutidae, Xenisthmidae, Eleotridae (Teleostei: Perciformes: Gobioidei). Mol Phylogen Evol 37:858–871
Wallis GP, Waters JM (2003) The phylogeography of southern galaxiid fishes. In: Darby J, Fordyce RE, Mark A, Probert K, Townsend C (eds) The natural history of southern New Zealand. Otago University Press, Dunedin, N Z, pp 101–104
Wallis GP, Judge KF, Bland J, Waters JM, Berra TM (2001) Genetic diversity in New Zealand Galaxias vulgaris sensu lato (Teleostei: Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae): a test of a biogeographic hypothesis. J Biogeogr 28:59–67
Waters JM, McDowall RM (2005) Phylogenetics of the Tasmanian and New Zealand mudfishes: evolution of an eel-like body plan. Mol Phylogen Evol 37:417–425
Waters JM, Wallis GP (2000) Across the Southern Alps by river capture? Freshwater fish phylogeography in South Island, New Zealand. Mol Ecol 9:1577–1582
Waters JM, Wallis GP (2001a) Mitochondrial DNA phylogenetics of the Galaxias vulgaris complex from South Island, New Zealand: rapid radiation of a species flock. J Fish Biol 58:1166–1180
Waters JM, Wallis GP (2001b) Cladogenesis and loss of the marine life-history phase in freshwater galaxiid fishes (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae). Evolution 55:587–597
Waters JM, Esa YB, Wallis GP (1999) Characterization of microsatellite loci from a New Zealand freshwater fish (Galaxias vulgaris) and their potential for analysis of hybridization in Galaxiidae. Mol Ecol 8:1080–1082
Waters JM, Dijkstra LH, Wallis GP (2000a) Biogeography of a Southern Hemisphere freshwater fish: how important is dispersal? Mol Ecol 9:1851–1821
Waters JM, Esa YB, Wallis GP (2001a) Genetic and morphological evidence for reproductive isolation between sympatric populations of Galaxias (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) in South Island, New Zealand. Biol J Linn Soc 73:287–298
Waters JM, Craw D, Youngson JH, Wallis GP (2001b) Genes meet geology: fish phylogeographic pattern reflects ancient rather than modern drainage patterns. Evolution 55:1844–1855
Waters JM, Lopez JA, Wallis GP (2000b) Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of galaxiid fishes (Osteichthys: Galaxiidae): dispersal, vicariance and the place of Lepidogalaxias salamandroides. Syst Biol 49:777–795
Whitehead PJP (1985) Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei): an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae. FAO Fisheries Synop 125:1–303
Whitley GP (1956) New fishes from Australia and New Zealand. Proc R Zool Soc N S W 1954–55:34–38
Whitley GP, Phillipps WJ (1939) Descriptive notes on some New Zealand fishes. Trans Proc N Z Inst 69:228–236
Worthy TH, Holdaway RN (2002) The lost world of the moa. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, N Z, 718 pp
Worthy TH, Lee MSY (2008) Affinities of Miocene waterfowl (Anatidae: Manuherikia, Dunstanetta and Miotadorna) from the St Bathans fauna, New Zealand. Palaeontology 51:677–801
Worthy TH, Tennyson AJD, Archer M, Musser AM, Hand SJ, Jones C, Douglas BJ, McNamara JA, Beck RMD (2006) Miocene mammal reveals a Mesozoic ghost lineage on insular New Zealand, south-west Pacific. Proc Nat Acad Sci 103:19419–19423
Worthy TH, Tennyson ADJ, Jones C, McNamara JA (2002) A diverse Early-Miocene (15–20 Ma) terrestrial fauna from New Zealand reveals snakes and mammals. IPC2002 Geol Soc Abstr 68:174–175
Worthy TH, Tennyson AJD, Jones C, McNamara JA, Douglas BJ (2007) Miocene waterfowl and other birds from Central Otago, New Zealand. J Syst Palaeontol 5:1–39
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Netherlands
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McDowall, R.M. (2010). New Zealand’s Distinctive and Well-Known Freshwater Fish Fauna. In: New Zealand Freshwater Fishes. Fish & Fisheries Series, vol 32. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9271-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9271-7_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-9270-0
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-9271-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)