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The Geomicrobiology of Arsenic

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Geomicrobiology: Molecular and Environmental Perspective

Abstract

Since the beginning of life on Earth, microorganisms have had the remarkable ability­ to evolve the necessary molecular machinery to cope with and even benefit from high concentrations of toxic metals in the environment. Many metals (in trace amount) play an integral role in biological processes; however, many of the same metals, as well as those not required in biological systems, can be quite harmful.This is most commonly a consequence of the metal concentration; ­however, speciation and physicochemical form of the element are added factors. Some metals that microorganisms depend on in low concentrations include arsenic, calcium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, nickel, and zinc; whereas, aluminum, cadmium, gold, lead, mercury, and silver are not known to be part of cellular structures or processes (Bruins et al. 2000; Stolz et al. 2002). The essential metals have been found to be crucial ­components in redox processes, gene expression, biomolecule activity, cellular osmotic balance, and protein and bacterial cell wall structures (Hughes and Poole 1989; Ji and Silver 1995; Poole and Gadd 1989). Yet, if any of these metals exceed certain concentrations, microorganisms must use resistance mechanisms to survive the ‘metal stress’. Because many environments inhabited by microorganisms have continuously contained poisonous elements, resistance mechanisms most likely developed shortly after the ­evolution of prokaryotic life.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for funding various aspects of our research on the ecophysiology of arsenic.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, 8007, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA

    Rhesa N. Ledbetter & Timothy S. Magnuson

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  1. Rhesa N. Ledbetter
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  2. Timothy S. Magnuson
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Correspondence to Timothy S. Magnuson .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall 167, Albuquerque, 87131-0001, USA

    Larry L. Barton

  2. , Faculty of Science, Dept. of Biochmistry, Masaryk University, Kortlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic

    Martin Mandl

  3. , Department of Microbial Ecology, Fac. of, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, A-1090, Austria

    Alexander Loy

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Ledbetter, R.N., Magnuson, T.S. (2010). The Geomicrobiology of Arsenic. In: Barton, L., Mandl, M., Loy, A. (eds) Geomicrobiology: Molecular and Environmental Perspective. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9204-5_7

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