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Regenerative Medicine pp 125–145Cite as

Stem Cells in the Developing and Adult Nervous System

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Abstract

The fertilized egg is a totipotent stem cell that can produce all cell types of the organism, including the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. As development proceeds, cells lose their capacity to proliferate and differentiate into different cell types, and gain specialization. Interestingly, neural stem/progenitor cells exist not only during embryonic development, but also in the adult nervous system of mammals. Newborn neurons in the adult brain integrate into pre-existing neural circuits and exhibit functional similarity to neurons born during development. Normally, development of an organism proceeds irreversibly from embryo to adult with cells differentiating progressively toward specialized cell types. However, somatic cells can be artificially reprogrammed and returned to the naive state of pluripotency found in the early embryo. Advances in stem cell biology have provided new insights into development and regenerative medicine. Here, we summarize current views of stem cells during embryogenesis and adult neurogenesis. Finally, we also describe retinal development and regeneration.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Yoshiki Sasai (RIKEN) and Akinori Akaike (Kyoto University) for their continued support and challenging discussions, and members of the Takahashi laboratory, the Sasai laboratory and the Akaike laboratory for stimulating discussions. This study was supported by Grants-in-Aid from MEXT and the Leading Project (M.T.), and by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the Mochida Memorial Foundation for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, the Kanae Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Science, the Uehara Memorial Foundation, and the Naito Foundation (F.O.). We apologize to those authors whose articles, although relevant to this subject, have not been cited in this review due to space limitations.

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  1. Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA

    Fumitaka Osakada

  2. Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan

    Masayo Takahashi

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Correspondence to Fumitaka Osakada .

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  1. Klinik und Poliklinik für Herzchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Rostock, Schillingallee 35, Rostock, 18057, Germany

    Gustav Steinhoff

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Osakada, F., Takahashi, M. (2011). Stem Cells in the Developing and Adult Nervous System. In: Steinhoff, G. (eds) Regenerative Medicine. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9075-1_5

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