Regulation of Space Activities in South Africa

Limpitlaw, Justine

doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9008-9_12

Regulation of Space Activities in South Africa

Justine Limpitlaw²

Chapter
First Online: 01 January 2010

1145 Accesses

Part of the book series: Space Regulations Library Series ((SPRL,volume 5))

Abstract

South Africa has been involved in space exploration and space-related activities for over five decades and is one of the African Continent’s leading space nations.

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Notes

1.
Chris Alden, “South Africa’s space programme: past and present”, Strategic Review for Southern Africa, vol. 29, no. 1 (2007).
2.
http://www.space.gov.za/spaceinza/index.php (accessed: 06 June 2008).
3.
Peter Martinez, “Ways and means of coordinating national space-related activities – the African experiences: Coordination of Space Science and Technology in South Africa” in Meeting International Responsibilities and Addressing Domestic Needs – Proceedings of the UN/Nigeria Workshop on Space Law (2006) http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/publications/st_space_32E.pdf, 310. (accessed: 10 June 2008).
4.
Ibid.
5.
Op. cit. note 1.
6.
Ibid.
7.
Henry Sokolski “Ending South Africa’s Rocket Program: A Non-proliferation Success” 1993. http://www.npec-web.org/Frameset.asp?PageType=Writings (accessed: 11 July 2008).
8.
Op. cit. note 1.
9.
Ibid.
10.
Ibid. 1.
11.
Op. cit. note 7.
12.
Ibid.
13.
Act 87 of 1993.
14.
Act 84 of 1993.
15.
Op. cit. note 3 at 311.
16.
http://www.space.gov.za/wsw/whoswho.html (accessed: 23 June 2008).
17.
Op. cit. note 3 at 211.
18.
Op. cit. note 3 at 312.
19.
Op. cit. note 3 at 313.
20.
Op. cit. note 3 at 314.
21.
http://www.salt.ac.za/ (accessed: 20 June 2008).
22.
http://www.esastap.org/esastap/pdfs/spacews_maru_dec2005.pdf (accessed: 15 June 2008) and http://www.saao.ac.za/ (accessed: 02 July 2008).
23.
http://www.ska.ac.za/aboutska/index.shtml (accessed: 01 July 2008).
24.
http://www.ska.ac.za/meerkat/index.shtml (accessed: 01 July 2008).
25.
Act 21 of 2007.
26.
Proclamation 28 in Government Gazette No. 32163 dated 24 April 2009.
27.
http://www.sanap.org.za/research.html (accessed: 11 July 2008).
28.
http://www.dst.gov.za/Draft%20National%20Space%20Science%20and%20Technology%20Strategy.pdf (accessed: 02 July 2008).
29.
With eight discreet sub-topics: environmental and geospatial monitoring; ocean, coastal and marine management; land management; rural development and urban planning; topographic mapping; hydrological monitoring; climate change mitigation and adaption; and meteorological monitoring. Op. cit. note 28 at 15 and 16.
30.
With six discreet sub-topics: tourism and recreation; communications; space science and exploration; mining; agriculture; space technology transfer and spin-offs. Op. cit. note 28 at 16 and 17.
31.
With seven discreet sub-topics: disaster monitoring and relief; hazards forecasting and early warning; cross-border risk; disease surveillance and health risk; asset monitoring; regulatory enforcement; and defence, peacekeeping and treaty monitoring. Op. cit. note 28 at 17 and 18.
32.
Act 36 of 2008.
33.
http://www.space.gov.za/downloads/Nat_Space_Policy.pdf (accessed: 6 July 2009).
34.
Op. cit. note 33 at 10.
35.
Act 108 of 1996.
36.
Section 43(a) read with Sections 42(1) and 44 of the Constitution.
37.
These are set out in Schedule 5 to the Constitution.
38.
See Sections 73–82 of the Constitution.
39.
Section 74 of the Constitution.
40.
Section 76 of the Constitution.
41.
Section 77 of the Constitution.
42.
Section 75 of the Constitution.
43.
Section 231(1) of the Constitution.
44.
Section 231(2) read with Section 231(3) of the Constitution.
45.
Section 231(4) of the Constitution.
46.
Act 4 of 2007, which came into force on 24 August 2007.
47.
Section 231(5) of the Constitution.
48.
United Nations treaties and principles on outer space and related General Assembly Resolutions Addendum: Status of international agreements relating to activities in outer space as at 1 January 2008. ST/SPACE/11/REV.2/ADD.1 http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/publications/ST_SPACE_11_Rev2_Add1E.pdf (accessed: 20 February 2008) at p. 14.
49.
Op. cit. note 33.
50.
At 8.
51.
At 11.
52.
At 12.
53.
At 13.
54.
Act 84 of 1993.
55.
Act 84 of 1993.
56.
Proclamation R80 published in Government Gazette No. 15096 dated 3 September 1993.
57.
Act 64 of 1995.
58.
Section 2.
59.
Section 4.
60.
Section 6.
61.
Section 5.
62.
Section 10.
63.
Section 11.
64.
Act 87 of 1993.
65.
Proclamation R71 published in Government Gazette No. 15059 dated 13 August 1993.
66.
Section 2.
67.
Section 4.
68.
Section 5.
69.
Section 13(1).
70.
Section 6.
71.
Act 41 of 2002.
72.
Proclamation R41 published in Government Gazette No. 24816 dated 29 April 2003.
73.
Section 2.
74.
Section 5.
75.
Section 1.
76.
Act 54 of 2003.
77.
Proclamation R19 published in Government Gazette No. 28788 dated 28 April 2006, which brought into operations Sections 1–11, 13, and 19–22.
78.
Section 5.
79.
Section 6.
80.
Section 3.
81.
Act 36 of 2005.
82.
Act 103 of 1996.
83.
Act 153 of 1993.
84.
See Independent Communications Authority of South Africa Act, Act 13 of 2000, at Sections 4 and 5.
85.
See generally, Chapters 3 and 5 of the ECA.
86.
Act 21 of 2007.
87.
Government Gazette No. 31157 dated 17 June 2008.
88.
Government Gazette No. 32163 dated 24 April 2009.
89.
Section 2(a).
90.
Section 5.
91.
Section 7.
92.
Section 9.
93.
Section 11.
94.
Section 2(d).
95.
Section 15.
96.
Section 16.
97.
Section 20.
98.
Section 23.
99.
Section 24.
100.
Section 22.
101.
Section 37(1)(b).
102.
Section 21.
103.
Act 26 of 2008.
104.
Proclamation 25 published in Government Gazette No. 31235 dated 24 April 2009.
105.
Section 2.
106.
Section 5.
107.
Section 4.
108.
Act 36 of 2008.
109.
Notice 1385 published in Government Gazette No. 31729 dated 15 December 2008.
110.
Section 2.
111.
Section 7.
112.
Section 4.
113.
See Section 5 of the Space Affairs Act and Section 5 of the South African National Space Agency Act.
114.
Defined in Section 1 as “the placing or attempted placing of any spacecraft into a suborbital trajectory of into outer space, or the testing of a launch vehicle or spacecraft in which it is foreseen that the launch vehicle will lift from the earth’s surface”.
115.
Note that in terms of Section 23(1), the penalties for a conviction of the offence of failing to comply with the licensing requirements of the Space Affairs Act are a fine to a maximum of R1, 000, 000.00 and/or imprisonment for up to 10 years.
116.
Section 14(1)(b).
117.
Op. cit. note 33 at Paragraph 3.2.3.
118.
See Section 2.
119.
Act 89 of 1998.
120.
http://www.engineeringnewsectionco.za/article.php?a_id=127993 (accessed: 20 June 2008).
121.
Section 7.
122.
Section 2(b).
123.
Act 4 of 1999.
124.
Regulation 1138 of 2007.
125.
In terms of Section 3(2) read with Section 5(6) of the ECA. See Notice 832 published in Government Gazette No. 31217 dated 7 July 2008.
126.
ECNS are defined in Section 1 of the ECA as: “a service whereby a person makes available an electronic communications network, whether by sale, lease or otherwise-
1. (a)
  for that person’s own use for the provision of an electronic communications service or broadcasting service;
2. (b)
  to another person for that person’s use in the provision of an electronic communications service or broadcasting service;
3. (c)
  for resale to an electronic communications service licensee, broadcasting service licensee or any other service contemplated by this Act,
and ‘network services’ is construed accordingly.” Clearly, both the space and ground segments of satellite infrastructure would form part of an ECNS.
“Electronic communications network” is defined in Section 1 of the ECA as any system of electronic communications facilities (excluding subscriber equipment), including without limitation –
1. (a)
  satellite systems;
2. (b)
  fixed systems (circuit- and packet-switched);
3. (c)
  mobile systems;
4. (d)
  fibre optic cables (undersea and land-based);
5. (e)
  electricity cable systems (to the extent used for electronic communications services); and
6. (f)
  other transmission systems, used for conveyance of electronic communications.
127.
ECS are defined in Section 1 of the ECA as “any service provided to the public, sections of the public, the State, or the subscribers of such service, which consists wholly or mainly of the conveyance by any means of electronic communications over an electronic communications network, but excludes broadcasting services.”
“Electronic communications” is defined in Section 1 of the ECA as “the emission, transmission or reception of information, including without limitation, voice, sound, data, text, video, animation, visual images, moving images and pictures, signals or a combination thereof by means of magnetism, radio or other electromagnetic waves, optical, electromagnetic systems or any agency of a like nature, whether with or without the aid of tangible conduct, but does not include [a] content service”. Note “content service” is not defined in the ECA.
128.
“Broadcasting” is defined in Section 1 of the ECA as “any form of unidirectional electronic communications intended for reception by -
1. (a)
  the public;
2. (b)
  sections of the public; or
3. (c)
  subscribers to any broadcasting service, whether conveyed by means of radio frequency spectrum of any electronic communications network or any combination thereof, and ‘broadcast’ is construed accordingly”.
A “broadcasting service” is defined in Section 1 of the ECA as “any service which consists of broadcasting and which is conveyed by means of an electronic communications network, but does not include:
1. (a)
  a service which provides no more than data or text, whether with or without associated still images;
2. (b)
  a service in which the provision of audio-visual material or audio material is incidental to the provision of that service; or
3. (c)
  a service or a class of service, which the Authority may prescribe as not falling within this definition”.
129.
“Radio frequency spectrum” is defined in Section 1 of the ECA as “the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum used as a transmission medium for electronic communications”.
130.
ECA 2005, Section 31(3).
131.
ECA 2005, Section 30(2)(c).
132.
ECA, 2005, Section 8(1) and Regulation 1138 of 2007.
133.
There are fourteen of them set out in the ECA, including: whether the services are intended for the public or a limited group, licence area, duration, protection of end-user, interference, universal service obligations, disaster management, public health, international obligations, competition, efficiency etc.
134.
ECA, 2005, 2. 8(3).
135.
ECA, 2005, 2. 8(4).
136.
ECA, 2005, 2. 9(7).
137.
ECA, 2005, Section 8(1) and Regulation 1122 of 2007.
138.
There are fourteen of them set out in the ECA, including: whether the services are intended for the public or a limited group, licence area, duration, protection of end-user, interference, universal service obligations, disaster management, public health, international obligations, competition, efficiency etc.
139.
ECA, 2005, 2. 8(3).
140.
ECA, 2005, Section 8(4).
141.
ECA, 2005, Section 6(3) and see Regulation 432 of 2008 published in Government Gazette No. 30955 dated 7 April 2008.
142.
ECA, 2005, Section 5(10)(a) and Regulation 1138 of 2007. In terms of the Regulations, the licence terms for individual licences are: 15 years for public or commercial free-to-air television and subscription broadcasting services; 10 years for public or commercial free-to-air sound broadcasting services; 20 years for ECNS and 15 years for ECS.
143.
ECA, 2005, Section 19(1) and Regulation 1122 of 2007. In terms of the Regulations, the licence terms for class licences are: 5 years for community and low power sound broadcasting licences; 7 years for community television licences; and 10 years for ECS and ECNS licences.
144.
ECA, 2005, Section 5(7) and see Regulation 398 of 2008, published in Government Gazette No. 30916 dated 31 March 2008.
145.
ECA, 2005, Section 5(2).
146.
ECA, 2005, Section 5(6).
147.
ECA, 2005, Section 5(6).
148.
In terms of Section 3(2) read with Section 5(6) of the ECA. See Notice 832 published in Government Gazette No. 31217 dated 7 July 2008.
149.
Notice 3425 published in Government Gazette No. 24170 dated 10 December 2002.
150.
Notice 2393 published in Government Gazette No. 2393 dated 20 December 2001.
151.
ECA, 2005, Section 5(8).
152.
ECA, 2005, Section 5(9).
153.
ECA, 2005, Section 9(2) (b).
154.
ECA, 2005, Section 9(1).
155.
This notice contains a range of information including the percentage of equity to be held by persons from historically disadvantaged groups, proposed licence conditions etc.
156.
ECA, 2005, Section 9(2).
157.
ECA, 2005, Section 9(4).
158.
ECA, 2005, Section 9(2)(e).
159.
ECA, 2005, Section 9(5).
160.
ECA, 2005, Sections 9(10)–(14).
161.
This can occur when the radio frequency spectrum is not being used by a licensee in accordance with the applicable licence conditions.
162.
ECA, 2005, Sections 31(4) and (8)–(10).
163.
ECA, 2005, Section 5(7) and see Regulation 397 of 2008, published in Government Gazette No. 30914 dated 31 March 2008.
164.
ECA, 2005, Section 5(8).
165.
ECA, 2005, Section 5(9).
166.
ECA, 2005, Section 16(2).
167.
ECA, 2005, Sections 16(3) and (4).
168.
ECA, 2005, Section 16(5).
169.
ECA, 2005, Sections 16(6), 17(6)(a) and 19.
170.
ECA, 2005, Section 17(1).
171.
ECA, 2005, Section 18(1).
172.
ECA, 2005, Section 18(2).
173.
ECA, 2005, Section 17(4).
174.
ECA, 2005, Section 17(5).
175.
ECA, 2005, Sections 9(10)–(14).
176.
Chapter 9, Broadcasting Services, does contain such provisions but these related to broadcasting services only.
177.
ECA 2005, Section 5(9).
178.
ECA, 2005, Section 5(8).
179.
Act 13 of 2000.
180.
ICASA Act 2000, Section 4(3)(j).
181.
ECA 2005, Section 2(h).
182.
Act 53 of 2003.
183.
ICASA Act 2000, Section 4(3)(k). Defined in Section 1 of the Black Economic Empowerment Act as “a generic term which means Africans, Coloureds and Indians”.
184.
http://www.dti.gov.za/bee/beecharters/ICTCHARTERDraft4.pdf#search=%22ICT%20Charter%22 (accessed: 21 September 2006)
185.
Notice 105, published in Government Gazette No. 24288, dated January 16, 2003. Sections 1(1), 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 of the regulations provide that:
- an “ownership interest” is defined as “any direct or indirect ownership of issued share capital or more than 5 percent in a licensee”;
- a “control interest” is defined as meaning that “a person has a control interest if, in the absence of proof to the contrary, that person directly or indirectly:
  1. (a)
    beneficially owns more than twenty-five percent of the issued share capital of the licensee;
  2. (b)
    is entitled to vote a majority of the votes that may be cast at a general meeting of the licensee or has the ability to control, either directly, indirectly or through an affiliate the casting or a majority of those votes of the licensee;
  3. (c)
    is able to appoint or veto the appointment of a majority of the directors of the licensee;
  4. (d)
    is a holding company and the licensee is a subsidiary of that company;
  5. (e)
    in the case where the licensee is a trust, has the ability to control a majority of the votes of the trustees, to appoint the majority of the trustees, to appoint or change the majority of the beneficiaries of the trust;
  6. (f)
    in the case where the licensee is a closed corporation, owns more than twenty-five percent of the members’ interest, or controls or has the right to control the member’s votes in the closed corporation; or
  7. (g)
    has the ability to direct or cause the direction of the management or policies of the licensee in the manner similar to any of the Paragraphs (a)–(f), whether through the direct or indirect ownership of issued share capital, by contract, by securities, or otherwise”;
- “historically disadvantaged persons” are defined as “natural persons, who before the Constitution came into operation, were disadvantaged by unfair discrimination on the basis of race, gender, disability, sexual orientation or religion.” Juristic historically disadvantaged persons are entities where more than 25% of the shares or votes are controlled by historically disadvantaged natural persons;
- “concentrated market” means any telecommunication service category in which there are fewer than five licensees or which the Authority determines is concentrated;
- no person who holds an ownership or control interest is a licensee in any telecommunication service category in a concentrated market shall hold an ownership interest in another licensee in the same category, except for the government or passive institutional investors;
- telecommunication service licensees must maintain accurate and detailed records of ownership and control interests which reflect:
  1. ○
    the ownership and control interests held by historically disadvantaged persons during the first two years of the initial grant of the licence;
  2. ○
    issued share capital traded on public stock exchanges,
- and these must be submitted by 31 January each year;
- a licensee has to obtain prior written approval from ICASA in any cases where a transfer results in:
  1. ○
    the transfer of a control interest in a licensee;
  2. ○
    a decrease in the ownership interests held by historically disadvantaged persons in a licensee within the first two years of the initial grant of the licence where the licensee proposed such ownership in its application for the licence in response to an invitation to apply issued by the Minister in terms of Section 34 of the Telecommunications Act;
  There are certain exceptions to this requirement, namely:
  1. ○
    shares which are publicly traded and which do not result in a transfer of a control interest in a licensee;
  2. ○
    transfers of ownership or control interests in a non-concentrated market;
  3. ○
    transfers of ownership interests held by the Government;
  4. ○
    transfers of ownership interests where such transfer does not result in a transfer of a control interest.
- applications for ICASA’s prior written approval for approval of a transfer of an ownership or control interest must be made in accordance with the prescribed procedure which include a public notice and comment procedure and public hearings; and
- transfers of ownership or control interests which are effected not in accordance with the regulations shall be void.
186.
Notice 876 published in Government Gazette No. 30308 dated 17 September 2007.
187.
Act 89 of 1998.
188.
Ibid., Section 3(1).
189.
Ibid., Section 3(1A).
190.
Ibid., Section 4(1).
191.
Ibid., Section 5.
192.
Ibid., Section 8.
193.
Act 89 of 1998, Section 9.
194.
Ibid., Section 10.
195.
In terms of Section 12, a merger occurs “when one or more firms directly or indirectly acquire or establish direct or indirect control over the whole or part of the business of another firm.”
196.
In terms of Section 11, these are determined from time to time on the basis of combined annual turnover or assets.
197.
Ibid., Section 13A.
198.
Ibid., Section 60.
199.
Ibid., Section 49B.
200.
Ibid., Section 50.
201.
Ibid., Section 49C.
202.
Ibid., Section 49D.
203.
Ibid., Section 58.
204.
Ibid., Section 3(1A)(b).
205.
ECA 2005, Section 67(1).
206.
ECA 2005, Section 67(2).
207.
ECA 2005, Section 67(3).
208.
ECA 2005, Section 67(4).
209.
ECA 2005, Section 67(5).
210.
ECA 2005, Section 67(4)(a).
211.
ECA 2005, Section 67(4)(b).
212.
ECA 2005, Section 67(4).
213.
ECA 2005, Section 67(6)(a).
214.
ECA 2005, Section 67(6)(b)(i).
215.
ECA 2005, Section 67(6)(b)(ii).
216.
ECA 2005, Section 67(4)(c).
217.
ECA 2005, Section 67(7).
218.
ECA 2005, Section 67(4)(d).
219.
ECA 2005, Section 67(4)(e).
220.
ECA 2005, Section 67(4)(f).
221.
ECA 2005, Section 67(8)(a).
222.
ECA 2005, Section 67(8)(b).
223.
ECA 2005, Section 67(8)(c).
224.
Notice 1747, published in Government Gazette No. 23857, dated September 20, 2002, Section 2.2.
225.
Ibid., Section 2.4.
226.
Ibid., Section 4.
227.
ECA 2005, Section 38(5).
228.
ECA 2005, Section 37(3).
229.
ECA 2005, Section 37(2).
230.
ECA 2005, Section 37(4).
231.
ECA 2005, Section 40.
232.
ECA 2005, Section 37(6).
233.
ECA 2005, Section 41.
234.
ECA 2005, Section 38(2).
235.
ECA 2005, Section 38(3).
236.
ECA 2005, Sections 39(1), (2), (4) and (5)
237.
ECA 2005, Section 39(3).
238.
Notice 1259 published in Government Gazette No. 20993 dated 15 March 2000.
239.
Notice 784, published in Government Gazette No. 23458, dated May 24, 2002.
240.
ECA 2005, Sections 2 (c), (g) (m) and (n).
241.
ECA 2005, Section 80(1).
242.
ECA 2005, Section 82(1).
243.
ECA 2005, Section 83(1)
244.
ECA 2005, Section 80(2).
245.
ECA 2005, Section 82(3)(a).
246.
ECA 2005, Section 82(4).
247.
ECA 2005, Section 82(5).
248.
ECA 2005, Section 87(4).
249.
ECA 2005, Section 89 (1).
250.
Notice 1270 published in Government Gazette No. 31499 dated 10 October 2008.
251.
Ibid., Section 3(1).
252.
Ibid., Section 4(4).
253.
Ibid., Section 4(1).
254.
ECA 2005, Section 88(1).
255.
ECA 2005, Sections 88(4) (a) and (c).
256.
ECA 2005, Sections 88(4) (b) and (c).
257.
ECA 2005, Section 90(4).
258.
See http://www.usa.org.za/hubsectionhtml (accessed: 19 September 2006).
259.
Benjamin “Reviewing Universal Access in South Africa” in The Southern African Journal of Information and Communication, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 54.
260.
Ibid., 63.
261.
Ibid., 68.
262.
See http://www.usa.org.za/hubsectionhtml (accessed: 19 September 2006).
263.
Notice 1282 published in Government Gazette No. 23632 dated 19 July 2002 and Notice 1302 published in Government Gazette No. 26520 dated 5 July 2004.
264.
Currently there are two PSTS licensees.
265.
Currently there are three MCTS licensees.
266.
See R675 published on 9 July 2005.
267.
Section 8(1) read with Sections 3 and 4 of the Regulations and see Thorton and Hodge “Telecommunications Pricing Regulation” in Thornton et al Telecommunications Law in South Africa. STE Publishers, 2006, at p. 201 ff.
268.
Notice 446 published in Government Gazette No. 24394 dated 14 February 2003 as amended by Notice 723 published in Government Gazette NO. 25012 dated 14 March 2003.
269.
Find the Code of Conduct at http://www.bccsa.co.za/ (accessed: 24 June 2008).
270.
Notice 152 published in Government Gazette No. 28452 dated 31 January 2006, at Section 6.1.
271.
Notice 153 published in Government Gazette No. 28453 dated 31 January 2006.
272.
The detailed definition of South African music content is contained in Section 61(2)(c) of the ECA.
273.
Notice 154 published in Government Gazette No. 28454 dated 31 January 2006.
274.
The detailed definition of South African television content is contained in Section 61(2)(a) of the ECA.
275.
Ibid., Section 61(2) (b) of the ECA.
276.
Section 5.5.
277.
Notice 1044 published in Government Gazette No. 27728 dated 28 June 2005.
278.
Regulation 426 dated 1 April 1999 and amended by Regulation 551 of 10 May 2002.
279.
Notice 152 published in Government Gazette No. 28452 dated 31 January 2006.
280.
Section 5 of the Subscription Regulations.
281.
Government Gazette No. 31081 dated 22 May 2008.
282.
Section 5(1) read with Section 9(1)(b) of the Draft Regulations.
283.
Section 9(1)(c) and (d) of the Draft Regulations.
284.
Section 5(2) of the Draft Regulations.
285.
Notice 152 published in Government Gazette No. 28452 dated 31 January 2006.
286.
Section 3.1 of the Subscription Regulations.
287.
Section 3.2 of the Subscription Regulations.
288.
Section 3.5 of the Subscription Regulations.
289.
Act 54 of 2003.
290.
Section 2.
291.
Including, for example, the Satellite Applications Centre.
292.
Defined in Section 1 as “information about spatial objects or features and their attributes”.
293.
Section 3.
294.
Section 4.
295.
See also Section 11.
296.
Defined in Section 1 as “a description of the content, quality, condition and other characteristics of spatial information”.
297.
Section 5.
298.
Section 6.
299.
http://www.nsif.org.za/Documents/Proposed%20pricing%20policy%20spatial%20info%20public.pdf (accessed: 11 July 2008).
300.
Ibid., Paragraph 1.
301.
Ibid., Paragraph 4.1.
302.
Ibid., Paragraph 4.2.
303.
Ibid., Paragraph 5.
304.
Ibid., Paragraph 7.
305.
Section 12.
306.
Section 14(1).
307.
Section 14(2).
308.
Section 14(3).
309.
Section 15.
310.
Defined in Section 1 as those themes of spatial information which have been captured or collected by a data custodian.
311.
Section 16.
312.
Section 17.
313.
Section 18.
314.
http://www.space.gov.za/space2006/SAEOS_STRATEGY.DOC (accessed: 10 July 2008).
315.
http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/ipworldwide/pdf/za.pdf (accessed: 25 June 2008).
316.
Note that there are others protecting intellectual property rights of, for example, performers, or in cinematograph films section
317.
Act 98 of 1978.
318.
See Sections 2 and 2A.
319.
If made in South Africa, Section 4(1)(b).
320.
If emitted to a satellite from South Africa, Section 4(1)(c).
321.
See Sections 6–11B.
322.
Act 195 of 1993.
323.
Section 14.
324.
Section 20.
325.
Section 22.
326.
Act 57 of 1978.
327.
Section 25.
328.
Section 44.
329.
Section 45.
330.
Act 194 of 1993.
331.
Section 9.
332.
Section 11.
333.
Section 37.
334.
Act 54 of 2003.
335.
Op. cit. note 77.
336.
Section 3(2)(g).
337.
Op. cit. note 300.
338.
Op. cit. note 304.
339.
Act 51 of 2008, published in Government Gazette No. 31745 dated 22 December 2008.
340.
The definition of intellectual property specifically excludes conventional academic work.
341.
Section 2.
342.
Section 8.
343.
Section 9.
344.
Act 26 of 2008.
345.
Notice 25 published in Government Gazette 32135 dated 24 April 2009.
346.
Section 4(1).
347.
Act 87 of 1993.
348.
Section 2(e).
349.
Notice 429 published in Government Gazette No. 23308 dated 10 April 2002.
350.
Act 84 of 1993.
351.
Section 2(1)(b).
352.
Defined in Section 1 as “space technologies which can contribute to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction”.
353.
Act 41 of 2002.
354.
Defined in Section 1 as including “dual use goods” which is defined as “products, technologies, services or other goods, which, besides their normal use and application for civilian purposes, can also be used for the furtherance of general military capability, and which are contained in a list published by the Minister by notice in the Gazette.”
355.
Section 13.
356.
Notice 634 published in Government Gazette No. 26372 dated 28 May 2004.
357.
The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies section.

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University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Justine Limpitlaw

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Faculty Law, McGill University, Peel Street 3690, Montreal, H3A 1X1, Québec, Canada
Ram S. Jakhu

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Limpitlaw, J. (2010). Regulation of Space Activities in South Africa. In: Jakhu, R. (eds) National Regulation of Space Activities. Space Regulations Library Series, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9008-9_12

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9008-9_12
Published: 09 June 2010
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