Abstract
The rates of HIV and Hepatitis C (HCV) in prisons in the United States exceed those among the general population. Prisoners represent some of the highest risk groups for HIV and HCV, notably injection drug users, sex workers, and substance-addicted persons. The high risk for disease transmission among prison inmates prior to their incarceration, as well as the relative ease in accessing these populations, underscores the importance of implementing HIV/HCV prevention/intervention services in incarcerated settings. An HIV/HCV Continuum of Care that includes testing, linkage to care for those who test positive, and prevention efforts prior to inmate release, provides a useful model. This chapter presents an overview of this model, as well as an example of a research project focused on one of its components: prevention among inmates just prior to their release. First, HIV/HCV in prisons is discussed. Second, existing HIV/HCV intervention and prevention packages geared towards inmates are reviewed. Next, an HIV Continuum of Care model is presented, which includes various recommendations based on the immediate needs of the inmates, as well as evidence from a case study from the prevention aspect of the model. A discussion on the implications of the HIV Continuum and other similar programs concludes the chapter.
The findings and conclusions of this chapter are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). The Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies, a cooperative agreement with NIDA (grant U01 DA16230), funded this research. Please send all inquiries to: Daniel J. O’Connell, Ph.D., Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies, 257 E. Main Street, Newark, DE 19716 (302) 831-6107 (office) (302) 831-3307 (fax) oconnell@udel.edu.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The Cooperative has continued into a second phase, CJ-DATS2, focusing exclusively on implementation science related to drug abuse issues in criminal justice See http://www.cjdats.org for more information.
- 2.
Versions for other race/ethnicities were not created because the study population did not include many other than White and African American to test hypotheses.
- 3.
For a complete and detailed review of the three conditions, see Inciardi et al. 2007.
References
Andia, J. F., Sherry, D., Robles, R. R., Kang, S., ColĂ³n, H. M., Oliver-Velez, D., & Finlinson, A. (2005). Factors associated with injection and noninjection drug use during incarceration among Puerto Rican drug injectors in New York and Puerto Rico. The Prison Journal, 85(3), 329–342.
Angotti, N. (2010). Working outside of the box: How HIV counselors in Sub-Saharan Africa adapt Western HIV testing norms. Social Science & Medicine, 71(5), 986–993.
Arriola, K. R. J. (2006). Debunking the myth of the safe haven: Toward a better understanding of intraprison HIV transmission. Criminology & Public Policy, 5(1), 137–148.
Baillargeon, J., Giordano, T. P., Rich, J. D., Wu, Z. H., Wells, K., Pollock, B. H., & Paar, D. P. (2009). Accessing antiretroviral therapy following release from prison. Journal of the American Medical Association, 301(8), 848–857.
Bauserman, R. L., Richardson, D., Ward, M., Shea, M., Bowlin, C., Tomoyasu, N., & Solomon, L. (2003). HIV prevention with jail and prison inmates: Maryland’s prevention case management program. AIDS Education and Prevention, 15(5), 465–480.
Barry, K. L. (Consensus Panel Chair). (1999). Brief interventions and brief therapies for substance abuse, Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 34 (DHS Publication No. (SMA) 99-3353). Rockville: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment..
Beck, A. J., & Maruschak, L. M. (2004). Hepatitis testing and treatment in State Prisons (Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCJ199173). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs..
Beckwith, C. G., Zaller, N., & Rich, J. D. (2006). Addressing the HIV epidemic through quality correctional healthcare. Criminology & Public Policy, 5(1), 149–156.
Begier, E. M., Bennani, Y., Forgione, L., Punsalang, A., Hanna, D. B., Herrera, J., & Parvez, F. (2009). Undiagnosed HIV infection among New York City jail entrants, 2006: Results of a blinded serosurvey. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 54(1), 93–101.
Braithwaite, R. L., & Arriola, K. R. J. (2003). Male prisoners and HIV prevention: A call for action ignored. American Journal of Public Health, 93(5), 759–763.
Braithwaite, R., Stephens, T. T., Treadwell, H., Braithwaite, K., & Conerly, R. (2005). Short-term impact of an HIV risk reduction intervention for soon-to-be-released inmates in Georgia. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 16, 130–139.
Brewer, T. F., & Derrickson, J. (1992). AIDS in prison: A review of epidemiology and preventive policy. AIDS, 6(7), 623–628.
Broadhead, R. S., Heckathorn, D. D., Weakliem, D. L., Anthony, D. L., Madray, H., Mills, R. J., & Hughes, J. (1998). Harnessing peer networks as an instrument for AIDS prevention: Results from a peer-driven intervention. Public Health Report, 113(Suppl. 1), 42–57.
Bureau of Prisons. (2009). Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis C and cirrhosis: Federal Bureau of Prisons clinical practice guidelines. Retrieved from www.bop.gov/news/PDFs/hepatitis_c.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). HIV testing implementation Guidance for correctional settings. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/testing/resources/guidelines/correctional-settings
Chandler, R. K., Fletcher, B. W., & Volkow, N. D. (2009). Treating drug abuse and addiction in the criminal justice system: Improving public health and safety. Journal of the American Medical Association, 301(2), 183–90.
Copenhaver, M., Chowdhury, S., & Altice, F. L. (2009). Adaptation of an evidence-based intervention targeting HIV-infected prisoners transitioning to the community: The process and outcome of formative research for the Positive Living Using Safety (PLUS) intervention. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 23(4), 1–11.
Cottler, L., Compton, W., Hoffman, J., Klein, H., Desmond, D., & Zule, B. (1997). The NIDA cooperative agreement standard intervention: Protocol changes suggested by the continuing HIV/AIDS epidemic. Bloomington: Chestnut Health Systems Lighthouse Institute..
Coyle, S. (1993). The NIDA HIV counseling and education intervention model (NIH Pub. No. 93-3508). Rockville: National Institute on Drug Abuse..
Desai, A. A., Latta, E. T., Spaulding, A., Rich, J. D., & Flanigan, T. P. (2002). The importance of routine HIV testing in the incarcerated population: The Rhode Island experience. AIDS Education and Prevention, 14(SuppB), 45–52.
el-Bassel, N., Ivanoff, A., Schilling, R. F., Gilbert, L., Borne, D., & Chen, D. L. (1995). Preventing HIV/AIDS in drug-abusing incarcerated women through skills building and social support enhancement: Preliminary outcomes. Social Work Research, 19, 131–141.
Grinstead, O. A., Zack, B., Faigles, B., Grossman, N., & Blea, L. (1999). Reducing postrelease HIV risk among male prison inmates: A peer-led intervention. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26(4), 453–465.
Grinstead, O. A., Zack, B., & Faigles, B. (2001). Reducing postrelease risk behavior among seropositive prison inmates: The health promotion program. AIDS Education and Prevention, 13, 109–119.
Grinstead, O. A., Faigeles, B., Comfort, M., Seal, D., Nealey-Moore, J., Belcher, L., & Morrow, K. (2005). HIV, STD, and hepatitis risk to primary female partners of men being released from prison. Women & Health, 41(2), 63–80.
Grinstead, O., Eldridge, G., Macgowan, R., Morrow, K. M., Seal, D. W., Sosman, J. M., Zack, B., & the Project START study group. (2008). An HIV, STD, and hepatitis prevention program for young men leaving prison: Project START. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 14(3), 183–196.
Guerino, P., Harrison, P. M., & Sabol, W. J. (2011). Prisoners in 2010. (NCJ Publication No. 236096). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Hammett, T. (1991). Stemming the spread of HIV among IV drug users, their sexual partners, and children: Issues and opportunities for criminal justice agencies. Crime & Delinquency, 37(1), 101–124.
Hammett, T. (2006). HIV in prisons. Criminology & Public Policy, 5(1), 109–112.
Hammett, T. M., S. Kennedy, & Kuck, S. (2007). National survey of infectious diseases in correctional facilities: HIV and sexually transmitted diseases. Electronically available through the NCJRS..
Hennessey, K. A., Kim, A. A., Griffin, V., Collins, N. T., Weinbaum, C. M., & Sabin, K. (2008). Prevalence of infection of hepatitis B and C viruses and co-infection with HIV in three jails: A case for viral hepatitis prevention in jails in the United States. Journal of Urban Health, 86(1), 93–105.
Inciardi, J. A., Surratt, H. L., Martin, S. S., O’Connell, D. J., Salandy, A. D., & Beard, R. (2007). Developing a multimedia HIV and hepatitis intervention for drug-involved offenders reentering the community. The Prison Journal, 87(1), 111–142.
Kim, A., Page-Shafer, K., Ruiz, J., Reyes, L., Delgado, V., Klausner, J., Molitor, F., Katz, M., & McFarland, W. (2002). Vulnerability to HIV among women formerly incarcerated and women with incarcerated sexual partners. AIDS and Behavior, 6(4), 331–338.
Knight, K., Simpson, D. D., & Dansereau, D. F. (1994). Knowledge mapping: A psychoeducational tool in drug abuse relapse prevention training. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 20, 187–205.
Leukefeld, C. G., Godlaski, T., & Logan, T. K. (2001). Thought mapping: An HIV prevention approach for drug abusers. Health & Addiction, 1(1), 71–93.
Lichtenstein, B. (2000). Secret encounters: Black men, bisexuality, and AIDS in Alabama. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 14, 374–393.
MacGowan, R. J., Margolis, A., Gaiter, J., Morrow, K., Zack, B., Askew, J., McAuliffe, T., Sosman, J. M., Eldridge, G., & the Project START study group. (2003). Predictors of risky sex of young men after release from prison. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 14, 519–523..
Magura, S., Kang, S. Y., & Shapiro, J. L. (1994). Outcomes of intensive AIDS education for male adolescent drug users in jail. Journal of Adolescent Health, 15, 457–463.
Mahon, N. (1996). New York inmates’ HIV risk behaviors: The implications for prevention policy and programs. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 1211–1215.
Martin, S. S., Butzin, C. A., Saum, C. A., & Inciardi, J. A. (1999). Three-year outcomes of therapeutic community treatment for drug-involved offenders in Delaware: From prison to work release to aftercare. The Prison Journal, 79, 294–320.
Martin, S. S., O’Connell, D. J., Inciardi, J. A., Surratt, H. L., & Maiden, K. M. (2008). Integrating an HIV/HCV brief intervention in prisoner reentry: Results of a multisite prospective study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40(4), 427–436.
Maruschak, L. M., & Beavers, R. (2009). HIV in prisons, 2007–08 (NCJ Publication No. 228307). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
McBride, D. C., & Inciardi, J. A. (1990). AIDS and the IV drug user in the criminal justice system. Journal of Drug Issues, 20(2), 267–280.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2000). The NIDA community-based outreach model: A manual to reduce the risk of HIV and other blood-borne infections in drug users. (NIH Publication No. 00-4812). Rockville: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Nerenberg, R. (2002). Spotlight: Condoms in correctional settings. Retrieved from www.thebody.com/content/esp/art13017.html
Rich, J. D., Holmes, L., Salas, C., Macalino, G., Davis, D., Ryczek, J., & Flanigan, T. (2001). Successful linkage of medical care and community services for HIV-positive offenders being released from prison. Journal of Urban Health, 78(2), 279–289.
Saum, C. A., Surratt, H. A., Inciardi, J. A., & Bennett, R. E. (1995). Sex in prison: Exploring the myths and realities. The Prison Journal, 75(4), 413–430.
Seal, D. W., Margolis, A. D., Sosman, J., Kacanek, D., Binson, D., & the Project START Study Group. (2003). HIV and STD risk behavior among 18- to 25-year-old men released from U.S. prisons: Provider perspectives. AIDS and Behavior, 7(2), 131–141.
Shewan, D., Gemmell, M., & Davies, J. B. (1994). Prison as a modifier of drug using behavior. Addiction Research, 2, 203–215.
Sifunda, S., Reddy, P. S., Braithwaite, R., Stephens, T., Bhengu, S., Ruiter, R. A. C., & van den Borne, B. (2008). The effectiveness of a peer-led HIV/AIDS and STI health education intervention for prison inmates in South Africa. Health Education & Behavior, 35(4), 494–508.
Solomon, A. L., Osborne, J. W. L., LoBuglio, S. F., Mellow, J., & Mukamal, D. A. (2008). Life After Lockup: Improving Reentry from Jail to the Community. Washington DC: Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center.
Wechsberg, W. M., MacDonald, B., Dennis, M. L., Inciardi, J. A., Surratt, H., Leukefeld, C., Farabee, D., Cottler, L., Compton, W., Hoffman, J., Klein, H., Desmond, D., & Zule, B. (1997). The NIDA cooperative agreement standard intervention: Protocol changes suggested by the continuing HIV/AIDS epidemic. Bloomington: Chestnut Health Systems Lighthouse Institute.
Weinbaum, C., Lyerla, R., & Margolis, H. S. (2003). Prevention and control of infections with hepatitis viruses in correctional settings. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports, 52(RR-1), 1–33.
Wexler, H. K., Magura, S., Beardsley, M. M., & Howard, J. (1994). ARRIVE: An AIDS education/relapse prevention model for high-risk parolees. International Journal of the Addictions, 29, 361–386.
Whitescarver, J. (2011). National Institutes of Health: Trans-NIH AIDS Research By-Pass Budget Estimate Trans-NIH plan for HIV-related research. Bethesda: Office of AIDS Research.
Wolitski, R., & the Project START Writing Group. (2006). Relative efficacy of a multisession sexual risk-reduction intervention for young men released from prison in 4 states. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 1854–1861.
Zaller, N. D., Holmes, L., Dyl, A. C., Mitty, J. A., Beckwith, C. G., Flanigan, T. P., & Rich, J. D. (2008). Linkage to treatment and supportive services among HIV-positive ex-offenders in Project Bridge. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 19, 522–531.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
O’Connell, D.J. et al. (2013). A Continuum of Care Model for HIV in Correctional Settings. In: Sanders, B., Thomas, Y., Griffin Deeds, B. (eds) Crime, HIV and Health: Intersections of Criminal Justice and Public Health Concerns. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8921-2_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8921-2_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-8920-5
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-8921-2
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)