Abstract
The vascular system markedly contributes to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Indeed, agents targeting angiogenesis (bevacizumab) exhibit considerable efficacy in treatment of metastatic CRC, but less so in other (adjuvant) settings. These unexpected outcomes indicate that, to make further progress, a more complete understanding is required of the relationship between the tumour cell compartment and various facets of the vasculature. Here, we review the general mechanisms involved in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis during formation, growth and metastatic dissemination of CRC. We discuss several levels at which blood vessel growth is regulated, namely through local growth factor networks, circulating effectors, coagulation system, microvesicles and bone marrow-derived cells, the latter acting at the systemic level. We survey the mechanisms triggering the proangiogenic state in cancer, including microenvironment and oncogenic pathways, and discuss the developments in anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Abbreviations
- Ang-2:
-
Angiopoietin-2
- APC:
-
Adenomatous polyposis coli
- ARNT:
-
Aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator
- BECs:
-
Blood vessel endothelial cells
- bFGF:
-
Basic fibroblast growth factor
- BM:
-
Bone marrow
- BMDCs:
-
Bone marrow-derived cells
- CEPs:
-
Circulating endothelial progenitors
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- COX-2:
-
Cyclooxygenase2
- CRC:
-
Colorectal cancer
- CSCs:
-
Cancer stem cells
- CSFs:
-
Colony stimulating factors
- CXCR4:
-
Chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 4
- Dll4-4:
-
Notch ligand, delta-like 4 (Dll-4)
- EGF:
-
Epidermal growth factor
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- EPCs:
-
Endothelial progenitor cells
- EPCR:
-
Endothelial protein C receptor
- FGF:
-
Fibroblast growth factor
- Flk-1:
-
Fetal liver kinase 1
- Flt-1:
-
fms-related tyrosine kinase 1
- Foxc2:
-
Forkhead box C2
- GI:
-
Gastrointestinal
- HGF:
-
Hepatocyte growth factor
- HER-2:
-
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2
- HIF:
-
Hypoxia inducible factor
- HPCs:
-
Hematopoietic progenitor cells
- HSCs:
-
Hematopoietic stem cells
- Id1:
-
DNA-binding protein inhibitor 1
- IGF-1:
-
Insulin-like growth factor-1
- IGF-1R:
-
Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor
- HRE:
-
Hypoxia responsive element
- KDR:
-
Kinase insert domain-containing receptor
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- LECs:
-
Lymphatic endothelial cells
- LYVE-1:
-
Lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1
- MMP:
-
Matrix metalloproteinase
- MVD:
-
Microvessel density
- NRP1:
-
Neuropilin 1
- PARs:
-
Protease activated receptors
- PDGF-B:
-
Platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B)
- PEDF:
-
Pigment epithelium-derived factor
- PF4:
-
Platelet factor 4
- PI3K:
-
Phosphatidyl inositol kinase 3
- PLGF:
-
Placental growth factor
- Prox-1:
-
Prospero homeobox transcription factor
- SDF1:
-
Stromal-derived factor 1
- sVEGFR:
-
Soluble splice isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- TF:
-
Tissue factor
- TICs:
-
Tumour initiating cells
- Tie2/TEK:
-
Tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 2
- TM:
-
Thrombomodulin
- TSP:
-
Thrombospondin
- TVI:
-
Tumour-vascular interface
- UTR:
-
3’ untranslated region
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR2:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
- VHL:
-
Von Hippel Lindau
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by operating grants to J.R. from the Canadian Cancer Society (CCS) and Team Grant from Canadian Institutes of Health Research. JR is a recipient of the Jack Cole Chair in Pediatric Oncology at McGill University. Infrastructure funds were contributed by Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec (FRSQ). We thank our families, especially Françoise Garnier, Jean-Pierre Garnier, Anna Rak and Danuta Rak for their support and patience.
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Garnier, D., Rak, J. (2010). Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Colon Cancer Metastasis. In: Beauchemin, N., Huot, J. (eds) Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Metastasis - Biology and Treatment, vol 14. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8833-8_9
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