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Molecular Prognostic Markers in Colon Cancer

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Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer

Part of the book series: Cancer Metastasis - Biology and Treatment ((CMBT,volume 14))

Abstract

Colorectal cancer arises as a consequence of the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Significant progress has been made to identify the different biomarkers associated with the biological and clinical behaviour of colorectal tumours. Several new molecular predictive and prognostic markers have been identified and are now being translated into routine clinical practice. One of the challenges is that most biomarker studies that are carried out retrospectively need to be validated prospectively with molecular markers as a secondary objective according to level II evidence. Establishing associations between molecular fingerprints, disease-free survival/overall survival and response will result in more successful and less toxic therapeutic regimens for cancer patients. This book chapter aims to summarize the most currently available markers in colorectal cancer that provide prognostic or predictive information, including clinico-pathologic prognostic markers, genomic instability, genetic markers and epigenetic markers.

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Abbreviations

APC:

Adenomatous polyposis coli

ASCO:

American Society of Clinical Oncology

CALGB:

Cancer and Leukemia Group B

CIMP:

CpG Island Methylator Phenotype

CIN:

Chromosomal instability

CH2FH4:

5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate

CpG:

Cytosine-phosphate-guanine

CRC:

Colorectal cancer

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

DCC:

Deleted of colon cancer gene

DII4:

Delta-like ligand 4

DPD:

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

FOLFIRI:

5-FU/leucovorin/irinotecan

FOLFOX:

5-FU/leucovorin/oxaliplatin

dTMP:

deoxythymidine monophosphate

dUMP:

deoxyuridine monophosphate

FAP:

Familial adenomatous polyposis

FCGR:

FC gamma receptor

FdUMP:

5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine monophosphate

FdUTP:

Fluorodeoxyuridine triphosphate

5-FU:

5-fluorouracil

FUTP:

Fluouridine triphosphate

HIF1:

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1

HNPCC:

Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer

IHC:

Immunohistochemistry

IL-8:

Interleukin-8

LOH:

Loss of heterozygosity

mCRC:

Metastatic CRC

MMR:

Mismatch repair system

MSI:

Microsatellite instability

MTHFR:

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase

NCI/NSABP:

National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project

OS:

Overall survival

PETACC:

Pan-European Trials in Adjuvant Colon Cancer

PFS:

Progression-free survival

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

TGFβ:

Transforming growth factor ß

TNM:

Tumour node metastasis

TP:

Thumidine phosphorylase

TS:

Thymidylate synthase

UICC/AJCC:

Union Internationale Contre le Cancer/American Joint Cancer Committee

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VEGFR:

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor

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Acknowledgments

Supported in part by a Research Grant of the Austrian Society of Hematology and Oncology and the ‘Kurt und Senta-Herrmann Stiftung’.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Medical Oncology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA

    Thomas Winder & Heinz-Josef Lenz

  2. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA

    Heinz-Josef Lenz

  3. Department for Internal Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, 6800, Austria

    Thomas Winder

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Correspondence to Heinz-Josef Lenz .

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  1. Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer, Research Centre, McGill University, Promenade Sir William Osler 3655, Montreal, H3G 1Y6, Canada

    Nicole Beauchemin

  2. Hôpital L’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, Université Laval, rue McMahon 9, Quebec, G1R 2J6, Canada

    Jacques Huot

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Winder, T., Lenz, HJ. (2010). Molecular Prognostic Markers in Colon Cancer. In: Beauchemin, N., Huot, J. (eds) Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Metastasis - Biology and Treatment, vol 14. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8833-8_11

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