Abstract
Panel data consist of multiple units observed at multiple time periods. Due to the availability of panel data and recent development in econometrics, panel data analysis has become an increasingly popular and important analytical tool in social and behavioral sciences; however, the use of panel data models in higher education research is a fairly recent phenomenon. This handbook chapter provides a discussion on panel data, focusing on different models of panel analysis (including for example, fixed and random effects models). Variations of panel data models such as pooled cross sections, difference-in-differences, and random coefficient models are also briefly discussed. In addition, two empirical examples are presented to illustrate the use of panel data models in higher education policy studies. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of popular statistical software and procedures capable of performing panel analysis.
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Zhang, L. (2010). The Use of Panel Data Models in Higher Education Policy Studies. In: Smart, J. (eds) Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, vol 25. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8598-6_8
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