Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Wider Implications and Conclusions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover The Social Psychology of English as a Global Language

Part of the book series: Educational Linguistics ((EDUL,volume 10))

  • 2310 Accesses

Abstract

Chapter 5 presented the results of the analyses of the data collected in the four sections of the research instrument in addition to a preliminary discussion of the findings relating specifically to the sociolinguistic position of English in Japan. This chapter provides a wider in-depth debate on these findings with regards to learners of English and details implications for teaching English in the expanding circle more generally. Finally, the chapter indicates some suggestions for future research and offers concluding remarks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Shaughnessy, J.J., E.B. Zeichmeister, and J.S. Zeichmeister. 2003. Research methods in psychology, 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergvall, V.L. 1999. Toward a comprehensive theory of language and gender. Language in Society 28(2):273–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, Y. 2002. The role of gender in foreign language learning attitudes: Japanese female students’ attitudes towards English learning. Gender and Education 14(2):181–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda, A. 2003. The ownership of English in Japanese secondary schools. World Englishes 22(4):483–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McArthur, T. 2002. The Oxford guide to world English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, P., N. Coupland, and A. Williams. 2003. Investigating language attitudes. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, P. 2001. Language attitudes and sociolinguistics. Journal of Sociolinguistics 5(4):626–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cargile, A.C., and H. Giles. 1997. Understanding language attitudes: Exploring listener affect and identity. Language and Communication 17(3):195–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, T. 2001a. Language planning and language change in Japan. Richmond: Curzon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesthrie, R., and R.M. Bhatt. 2008. World Englishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwickl, S. 2002. Language attitudes, ethnic identity and dialect use across the Northern Ireland border. Armagh and Monaghan. Belfast: Queen’s University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berns, M. 2008. World Englishes, English as a lingua franca and intelligibility. World Englishes 27(3/4):327–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devine, P.G. 1995. Prejudice and out-group perception. In Advanced social psychology, ed. A. Tesser, 467–524. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dziubalska-Kolaczyk, K., and J. Przedlacka (eds.) 2008. English pronunciation models: A changing scene, 2nd ed. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwantes, C.T., S. Bergeron, and R. Kaushal. 2005. Applying social psychology to diversity. In Applied social psychology, eds. F.W. Schneider, J.A. Gruman, and L.M. Coutts, 331–354. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstein, M. 1982. A study of social variation in adult second language acquisition. Language Learning 32:367–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuda, Y. 1997. Hegemony of English vs. ecology of language: Building equality in international communication. In World Englishes 2000, eds. L.E. Smith and M.L. Forman, 21–31. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlenko, A. 2002. Poststructuralist approaches to the study of social factors in second language learning and use. In Portraits of the L2 user, ed. V. Cook, 275–302. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S.T., and S.E. Taylor. 1991. Social cognition, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. 2007. English as a lingua franca: Attitude and identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maher, J.C., and K. Yashiro. 1995. Multilingual Japan: An introduction. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 16(1/2):1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ike, M. 1995. A historical review of English in Japan. World Englishes 14(1):3–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perloff, R. 2003. The dynamics of persuasion, 2nd ed. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, C. 1992. Attitudes and language. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kachru, B. 1997. Past imperfect: The other side of English in Asia. In World Englishes 2000, eds. L.E. Smith and M. Foreman, 68–89. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, D.R. 1999. Introduction. In Handbook of perceptual dialectology, ed. D.R. Preston, vol. 1, xxiii–xxxix. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trudgill, P. 2008b. Finding the speaker-listener equilibrium: Segmental phonological models in EFL. In English pronunciation models: A changing scene, eds. K. Dziubalska-Kolaczyk and J. Przedlacka., 2nd ed., 213–228. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubdy, R., and M. Saraceni eds. 2006. English in the world. London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, A., P. Garrett, and N. Coupland. 1999. Dialect recognition. In Handbook of perceptual dialectology, ed. D.R. Preston, vol. 1, 345–358. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honna, N., and Y. Takeshita. 2004. English education in Japan today: The impact of changing policies. In English language teaching in East Asia today, eds. H.W. Kam and R.Y.L. Wong, 2nd ed., 195–220. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidlhofer, B. 2008. Language variation and change: The case of English as a lingua franca core. In English pronunciation models: A changing scene, eds. K. Dziubalska-Kolaczyk and J. Przedlacka., 2nd ed., 59–76. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dornyei, Z., and R. Clement. 2001. Motivational characteristics of learning different target languages. In Motivation and second language acquisition, eds. Z. Dornyei and R. Schmidt, 399–432. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, R.M. 2004. Attitudes of Japanese nationals towards standard and non-standard varieties of Scottish English speech. The East Asian Learner 1(1):16–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, D.R. 2004. Language attitudes to speech. In Language in the USA, eds. E. Finegan and J.R. Rickford, 480–492. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalton-Puffer, C., G. Kaltenboeck, and U. Smit. 1997. Learner attitudes and L2 pronunciation in Austria. World Englishes 16(1):115–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, R.M. 2003. Attitudes of Japanese nationals resident in Scotland towards standard and non-standard varieties of English. Saga University Economic Review 35(5/6):137–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milroy, J. 1999a. The consequence of standardisation in descriptive linguistics. In Standard English: The widening debate, eds. T. Bex and R.J. Watts, 16–39. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peter, S. 1994. Norms and meaning potential. World Englishes 13(3):387–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deterding, D. 2005. Listening to Estuary English in Singapore. TESOL Quarterly 39(3):425–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. 1974. Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Human groups and social categories. Social Science Information 13:65–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. 2006b. Current perspectives on teaching world Englishes and English as a lingua franca. TESOL Quarterly 40(1):157–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, B. 1973. Some ‘unexpected’ reactions to American-English dialects. In Language attitudes: Current trends and perspectives, eds. R. Shuy and R.W. Fasold, 28–35. Washington: Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuchi, N.T., and R. Sakomoto. 2005. Affective dimensions of the Japanese foreign language learner: Implications for psychological learner development in Japan. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 26(4):333–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, S.M. 2009. Self and identity in L2 motivation in Japan: The ideal L2 self and Japanese learners of English. In Motivation, language identity and the L2 self, eds. Z. Dornyei and E. Ushioda, 120–143. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogg, M.A., and G.M. Vaughan. 1995. Social psychology. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanlaw, J. 2004. Japanese English: Language and culture contact. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J., M. Modiano, and B. Seidlhofer. 2001. Euro-English. English Today 17(4):13–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A., and S. Chaiken. 1993. The psychology of attitudes. Orlando: Harcout Bruce.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. 2009b. Exploring attitudes towards English as a lingua franca in the East Asian context. In Global Englishes in Asian contexts, eds. K. Murata and J. Jenkins., 40–58. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheim, A. 1992. Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude measurement. London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, J.E. 2006a. Applied linguistics and the choices other people make (or do they?). International Journal of Applied Linguistics 16(2):237–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, G. 2006. Language planning and education. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiraga, Y. 2005. British attitudes towards six varieties of English in the USA and Britain. World Englishes 24(3):289–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohner, G., and M. Wanke. 2002. Attitudes and attitude change. Hove: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yashima, T. 2002. Willingness to communicate in a second language: The Japanese EFL context. The Modern Language Journal 86(1):54–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshikawa, H. 2005. Recognition of world Englishes: Changes in Chukyo University students’ attitudes. World Englishes 24(3):351–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clopper, C.G., and D.B. Pisoni. 2006. Effects of region of origin and geographical mobility on perceptual categorization. Language Variation and Change 18(2):193–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarantakos, S. 1998. Social research, 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howatt, A.P.R. 1984. A History of English language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donahue, R.T. 1998. Japanese culture and communication. Lanham: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuura, H., R. Chiba, and M. Fujieda 1999. Intelligibility and comprehensibility of American and Irish Englishes in Japan. World Englishes 18(1):49–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, M. 1999. Jet and NET: A comparison of native-speaking English teachers schemes in Japan and Hong Kong. Language, Culture and Curriculum 12(3):215–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Labov, W. 1966. The social stratification of English in New York city. Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, R. 1998. Ideologies of English in Japan. World Englishes 17(3):295–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Starks, D., and B. Paltridge. 1996. A note on using sociolinguistic methods to study non-native attitudes towards English. World Englishes 15(2):217–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, S.L., and W.D. Bokhorst-Heng. 2008. International English in its sociolinguistic contexts. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoop, I. 2007. If it bleeds, it leads: The impact of media-reported events. In Measuring attitudes cross-nationally, eds. R. Jowell, C. Roberts, R. Fitzgerald, and G. Eva, 95–112. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuura, H., R. Chiba, and A. Yamamoto. 1994. Japanese college students’ attitudes towards non-native varieties of English. In Evaluating language, eds. D. Graddol and J. Swann, 52–61. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. 2000. The phonology of English as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, N. 2005. Language and society in Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, A. 2007. World Englishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, R. 1999. Japanese culture constructed by discourses: Implications for applied linguistics research and ELT. TESOL Quarterly 33(1):9–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda, A. 2009. Desirable but not necessary? The place of World Englishes and English as an international language in English teacher preparation programs in Japan. In English as an international language: Perspectives and pedagogical issues, ed. F. Sherifian, 169–189. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bex, T., and R.J. Watts. 1999. Introduction. In Standard English: The widening debate, eds. T. Bex and R.J. Watts, 1–12. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Lier, L. 2008. Agency in the classroom. In Sociocultural theory and the teaching of second languages, eds. J.P. Lantolf and M.E. Palmer, 163–188. London: Equinox.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindemann, S. 2003. Koreans, Chinese or Indians? Attitudes and ideologies about non-native English speakers in the United States. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(3):348–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiba, R., H. Matsuura, and A. Yamamoto. 1995. Japanese attitudes toward English accents. World Englishes 14(1):77–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, S.O. 1995. The Japanese media and English. World Englishes 14(1):37–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ladegaard, H. 1998. National stereotypes and language attitudes: The perception of British, American and Australian language and culture in Denmark. Language and Communication 18:251–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lasagabaster, D. 2005. Attitudes towards Basque, Spanish and English: An analysis of the most influential variables. Journal of Multicultural and Multilingual Development 26(4):296–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Major, R.C., S.M. Fitzmaurice, F. Bunta, and C. Balasubramanian. 2002. The effects of nonnative accents on listening comprehension: Implications for ESL assessment. TESOL Quarterly 36(2):173–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dornyei, Z., K. Csizer, and N. Nemeth. 2006. Motivation, language attitudes and globalization. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephan, C. 1997. The Unknown Englishes? Testing German students’ ability to identify varieties of English. In Englishes around the World 1, ed. E.W. Schneider, 93–108. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clopper, C.G., and D.B. Pisoni. 2005. Perception of dialect variation. In The handbook of speech perception, eds. D.B. Pisoni and R.E. Remez, 313–337. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindemann, S. 2005. Who speaks ‘broken English’? US undergraduate perceptions of non-native English. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 15(2):187–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.D. 2004. Resources on quantitative/statistical research for applied linguistics. Second Language Research 20(4):372–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dauer, R.M. 2005. The Lingua Franca Core: A new model of pronunciation instruction. TESOL Quarterly 39(3):543–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, C.K. 1938. Basic English: A general introduction with rules and grammar, 7th ed. London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Trubner.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, R.M. 2008a. Social factors and non-native attitudes towards varieties of spoken English: A Japanese case study. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 18(1):63–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, R.S. 2008. Designing a response scale to improve average group response reliability. Evaluation and Research in Education 21(2):134–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J. 2004. Bilingualism: Contexts, constraints and identities. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 23(1):135–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Dash, L., and J. Busnardo. 2001. Brazilian attitudes towards English: Dimensions of status and solidarity. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 11(1):57–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Augoustinos, M., and I. Walker. 1995. Social cognition. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladegaard, H. 2000. Language attitudes and sociolinguistic behaviour: Exploring attitude-behaviour relations in language. Journal of Sociolinguistics 4(2):214–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canagarajah, S. 2006. TESOL at forty: Where are the issues? TESOL Quarterly 40(1):9–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, A. 2006. Which model of English: Native-speaker, nativised or lingua franca? In English in the world, eds. R. Rubdy and M. Saraceni, 71–83. London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eich, E., and J.W. Schooler. 2000. Cognition/emotion interactions. In Cognition and emotion, ed. E. Eich, 3–29. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forgas, J.P. 2001. Introduction: Affect and cognition. In Handbook of affect and cognition, ed. J.P. Forgas, 1–22. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, I.A. 1943. Basic English and its uses. London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Trubner.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. English Language and Linguistics, Northumbria University, Lipman Building, Sandyford Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK

    Robert M. McKenzie

Authors
  1. Robert M. McKenzie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert M. McKenzie .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

McKenzie, R.M. (2010). Wider Implications and Conclusions. In: The Social Psychology of English as a Global Language. Educational Linguistics, vol 10. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8566-5_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation