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Assessing In Vivo Neurodegeneration in Schizophrenia Using Magnetic Resonance

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Brain Protection in Schizophrenia, Mood and Cognitive Disorders

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Abstract

Evidence that neuronal loss occurs over the course of neuropsychiatric disorders like schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder has stemmed from various invasive examinations in animal models or from post-mortem examinations of human tissues. The goal of neuroprotective interventions is to prevent the neuronal damage that is presumed to result from pathophysiological mechanisms in living human patients. Consequently, it is important that clinicians be able to assess if a given individual or group of individuals with similar diagnostic features presents signs of neuronal damage or neurodegeneration, thereby confirming the adequacy of neuroprotective interventions. Furthermore, an assessment of neuronal health is crucial to evaluating the success of neuroprotective treatments. This chapter reviews and discusses the application of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy to the non-invasive assessment of indices of neurodegeneration, such as grey matter loss, N-acetylaspartate loss, and glutamatergic metabolite losses in vivo, in individuals with schizophrenia. The chapter also provides an outlook towards future applications of magnetic resonance in the monitoring of neuroprotective therapies.

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Abbreviations

1H:

hydrogen, hydrogen nuclei, proton

31P:

phosphorus, phosphorus nuclei

B0 :

static magnetic field, main field

CNS:

central nervous system

Cr:

creatine

CSF:

cerebral spinal fluid

DLPF:

dorsolateral prefrontal

γ:

gyromagnetic ratio

GABA:

γ-aminobutyric acid

Gln:

glutamine

Glu:

glutamate

Glx:

glutamate, glutamine and other overlapping metabolites

GroPCho:

Glycerophosphocholine

MRI:

magnetic resonance imaging

MRS:

magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Myo:

myo-inositol

NAA:

N-acetylaspartate

NMDA:

N-methyl-D-aspartate

NMR:

nuclear magnetic resonance

PCho:

phosphocholine

PCr:

phosphocreatine

RF:

radiofrequency

STEAM:

STimulated Echo Acquisition Mode

T:

Tesla

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Imaging, St. Joseph’s Health Care, London, ON, Canada

    Jean Théberge

  2. Departments of Medical Imaging, Medical Biophysics and Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

    Jean Théberge

  3. Imaging Division, The Lawson Research Institute, London, ON, Canada

    Jean Théberge

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  1. Sha'ar Menashe Mental Health Center, Hadera, 38814, Israel

    Michael S. Ritsner

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Théberge, J. (2010). Assessing In Vivo Neurodegeneration in Schizophrenia Using Magnetic Resonance. In: Ritsner, M. (eds) Brain Protection in Schizophrenia, Mood and Cognitive Disorders. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8553-5_4

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