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Chapter 7 The Non-mevalonate DOXP/MEP (Deoxyxylulose 5-Phosphate/Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate) Pathway of Chloroplast Isoprenoid and Pigment Biosynthesis

  • Chapter
The Chloroplast

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 31))

Summary

The plastidic pathway for isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and isoprenoid biosynthesis, the DOXP/MEP pathway, possesses an essential function in the biosynthesis of thylakoidal prenylllipids chlorophylls (phytyl side-chain), carotenoids, plastoquinone-9, phylloquinone K1 and α-tocopherol, as well as for monoterpenes and diterpenes. Here we review its detection, its enzymes, intermediates, genes, cofactor requirements and inhibitors. This plastidic isoprenoid pathway is also contrasted against the acetate/mevalonate(MVA) pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis operating in the cytosol for the biosynthesis of sterols, sesquiterpenes and polyterpenes. The DOXP/MEP pathway can specifically be inhibited by fosmidomycin and the acetate/MVA pathway by statins (e.g. mevinolin). By applying specifically marked substrates (2H-deoxyxylulose, 14C-DOXP, 3H-MVA or 14C-MVA) and specific inhibitors a cross-talk between both IPP yielding cell pathways was detected that operates preferentially in the chloroplast-to-cytosol direction. The DOXP/MEP pathway is also involved in the biosynthesis of the volatile hemiterpenes isoprene and methylbutenol. The distribution of the DOXP/MEP pathway in photosynthetic organisms (bacteria, algae, higher plants) and its putative origin in anoxigenic photosynthetic bacteria is reviewed. The DOXP/MEP pathway does not occur in Archaea, fungi or animals. The use of etiolated seedlings with their light-induced pigment accumulation as a test system for inhibitors of the DOXP/MEP pathway in the search of active ingredients against pathogenic bacteria and the malaria parasite Plasmodium is discussed.

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Abbreviations

A:

antheraxanthin;

a + b:

total chloro-phylls;

a/b:

ratio of chlorophyll a to b;

CDP-ME:

CDP-methyl-D-erythritol;

CDP-ME2P:

CDP-methyl-D-erythritol-2-phosphate;

Chl:

chlorophyll;

Chls/Cars:

weight ratio of chlorophylls to carotenoids, also known as (a + b)/(x + c);

c:

carotenes;

DMAPP:

dimethylallyl diphosphate;

DOXP:

1-desoxy-D-xylulose-4-phosphate;

DOXP/MEP:

pathway plastidic 1-desoxy-D-xylulose-4-phosphate/2-C-methylerythritol 5-

phosphate:

pathway;

DXR:

DOXP reductoisomerase;

DXS:

DOXP synthase;

GAP:

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate;

GGPP:

geranylgeranyl diphosphate;

HMBPP:

4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl diphosphate;

IPP:

isopentenyl diphosphate;

MBO:

2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol;

MEcPP:

2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate;

MEP:

2-C-methylerythritol 5-phosphate;

MVA:

mevalonic acid;

PPFD:

photosynthetic photon flux density;

P:

osmiophilic plastoglobuli;

x + c:

total carotenoids;

x:

xanthophylls;

Z:

zeaxanthin

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Acknowledgements

I am grateful to several of my former Ph.D. students and group members who carried out parts of the research on plant isoprenoid biosynthesis (T. J. Bach, C. Müller, J. Schwender, J. Zeidler). I also wish to thank Ms Sabine Zeiler for the excellent implementation of pigment determinations, and to Ms Gabrielle Johnson for English language assistance.

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  1. Botanisches Institut (Molecular Biology and Biochemistry of Plants), University of Karlsruhe, Kaiserstr. 12, D-76133, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler

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  1. Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler
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Correspondence to Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rebeiz Foundation for Basic Research, Champaign, USA

    Constantin A. Rebeiz

  2. Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA

    Christoph Benning

  3. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

    Hans J. Bohnert

  4. Central Florida University, Orlando, USA

    Henry Daniell

  5. Arizona State University, Tempe, USA

    J. Kenneth Hoober

  6. University of Karlsruhe, Germany

    Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler

  7. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

    Archie R. Portis

  8. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Baishnab C. Tripathy

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Lichtenthaler, H.K. (2010). Chapter 7 The Non-mevalonate DOXP/MEP (Deoxyxylulose 5-Phosphate/Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate) Pathway of Chloroplast Isoprenoid and Pigment Biosynthesis. In: Rebeiz, C.A., et al. The Chloroplast. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 31. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_7

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