Summary
Four polar lipids provide the basic building blocks for the membranes of chloroplasts of all plants and cyanobacteria: the two galactolipids mono-and digalactosyldiacylglycerol, the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, and the phospholipid phosphatidylglycerol. All four lipids are glycerolipids with a diacylglycerol backbone, but only one is a phosphoglycerolipid. While the two galactolipids are not charged at biological pH, the sulfolipid and phospholipid carry a negative charge. The focus here is on the two chloroplast anionic lipids. Enzymes involved in their assembly are well described and are localized in the chloroplasts. Mutants affecting the biosynthesis of one or both anionic lipids of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the unicellular algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii or different cyanobacteria are available providing tools for the functional analysis of these lipids. This genetic analysis has shown that sulfolipid can substitute to some extent for phosphatidylglycerol under phosphate limiting growth conditions, when plants replace phospholipids with non-phosphorous glycolipids. However, phosphatidylglycerol mutants have a much more severe phenotype than sulfolipid mutants suggesting specific roles for phosphatidylglycerol in the photosynthetic membrane that cannot be filled by the sulfolipid. Double mutant analysis suggests that the net negative charge of the photosynthetic membrane is critical for proper function.
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Abbreviations
- ACP:
-
acyl carrier protein
- Acyl-ACP:
-
acyl-acyl carrier protein
- APR:
-
adenosylphosphosulfate reductase
- APS:
-
adenosylphosphosulfate
- ATP:
-
adenosine triphosphate
- ATS:
-
ATP-sulfurylase
- ATS1:
-
acyl-ACP:glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase
- ATS2:
-
acyl-ACP:lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase
- CDP-DAG:
-
CDP-diacylglycerol
- CDS:
-
CDP-DAG synthetase
- DAG:
-
diacylglycerol
- ER:
-
endoplasmic reticulum
- FAS:
-
fatty acid synthase
- Fd-GOGAT:
-
ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase
- GSH:
-
reduced glutathione
- GSSG:
-
oxidized glutathione
- iE:
-
inner envelope
- oE:
-
outer envelope
- pCDS:
-
plastid CDP-diacylglycerol synthetase
- PGP1:
-
phosphatidylglycerol phosphate synthase
- pGPAT:
-
plastid glycerolphosphate acyltransferase
- PGPP:
-
phosphatidylglycerol phosphate phosphatase
- pLPAAT:
-
plastid lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase
- PPi:
-
orthophosphate
- PtdGro:
-
phosphatidylglycerol
- PtdGroP:
-
phosphatidylglycerol phosphate
- PtdOH:
-
phosphatidic acid
- SQD1:
-
UDP-SQ synthase
- SQD2:
-
SQDG synthase
- SQDG:
-
sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol
- SO −3 :
-
sulfite
- Thy:
-
thylakoid membrane
- TLC:
-
thin-layer chromatography
- UDP-Glc:
-
UDP-glucose
- UDP-SQ:
-
UDP-sulfoquinovose
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Acknowledgements
Work on membrane lipid biosynthesis and the regulation of thylakoid lipid biosynthesis in the Benning lab has been supported in part by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy.
Note: (1) The FAD4 gene of Arabidopsis encoding the missing fatty acid transdesaturase or a component thereof was recently isolated (Gao et al., 2009); and (2) The gene for a plastid UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, essential for sulfolipid biosynthesis, was recently identified in Arabidopsis (Okazaki et al., 2009).
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Benning, C. (2010). Chapter 12 The Anionic Chloroplast Membrane Lipids: Phosphatidylglycerol and Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol. In: Rebeiz, C.A., et al. The Chloroplast. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 31. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_12
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