Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Animal Cell Technology: Basic & Applied Aspects pp 215–219Cite as

The Differentiation of C2C12 Cells to Myotube by Paraquat

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Animal Cell Technology: Basic & Applied Aspects ((ANICELLTECH,volume 16))

Abstract

Paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium dichloride), producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) to show its toxicity is one of herbicides once widely used. Although the toxicity of paraquat on human and animals is too strong, paraquat is still in use in many developing countries. Therefore it is important to know the risk of paraquat on mammals. Effect of paraquat on the muscle of mammals is not well investigated, but it has been observed that interstitial cells differentiated into muscle cells in the lung of paraquat-injected monkey (Fukuda et al., Am J Pathol, 118(3): 452–475). Here we studied the effect of paraquat on the differentiation of mouse myoblast cell line C2C12 cells to myotube. C2C12 cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C, 5% CO2. Paraquat (0.1 ˜ 1000 ng/mL) was added to the medium and C2C12 cells were cultured in each medium for 12 days. Then the cells were harvested and applied to SDS-PAGE and western-blotting with anti-myosin heavy chain (MCH) antibody. Light microscope observation revealed that C2C12 cells morphologically changed to myotube depending on the concentration of paraquat even in undifferentiating condition. The amount of MCH, the molecular marker of muscle differentiation, increased depending on the concentration of paraquat. Paraquat produces ROS to show its toxicity. We also studied the effect of ascorbic acid on paraquat-dependent differentiation of C2C12 cells. C2C12 cells were cultured with paraquat and ascorbic acids in the same conditions stated above. As a result it was observed that ascorbic acid (10˜100 μM) did not inhibit the differentiation of C2C12 cells, and the overproduction of MCH by paraquat was not decreased by the ascorbic acid. Furthermore, the existence of H2O2 (0.1˜100 μM) did not induce the differentiation of C2C12 cells. These results suggest that the differentiation of C2C12 cells to myotube is modulated by paraquat in ROS-independent manner.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Rahman, M., Lewis, D.M., and Allison, K. (2007) A case of paraquat burns following an industrial accident. Emerg. Med. J. 24(11): 777.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gear, A.J., Ahrenholz, D.H., and Solem, L.D. (2001) Paraquat poisoning in a burn patient. J. Burn. Care Rehabil. 22(5): 347–351.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wesseling, C., van Wendel de, J.B., and Monge, P. (2001) Pesticide-related illness and injuries among banana workers in Costa Rica: A comparison between 1993 and 1996. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 7(2): 90–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Christakis-Hampsas, M., Tutudakis, M., Tsatsakis, A.M., Assithianakis, P., Alegakis, A., Katonis, P.G., and Michalodimitrakis, E.N. (1998) Acute poisonings and sudden deaths in Crete: A five-year review (1991–1996). Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 40(4): 228–230.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Langston, J.W., Langston, E.B., and Irwin, I. (1984) MPTP-induced parkinsonism in human and non-human primates–clinical and experimental aspects. Acta. Neurol. Scand. Suppl. 100: 49–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Langston, J.W., Irwin, I., Langston, E.B., and Forno, L.S. (1984) Pargyline prevents MPTP-induced parkinsonism in primates. Science 225(4669): 1480–1482.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Niso-Santano, M., Morán, J.M., García-Rubio, L., Gómez-Martín, A., González-Polo, R.A., Soler, G., and Fuentes, J.M. (2006) Low concentrations of paraquat induces early activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, protein kinase B, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 pathways: Role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in paraquat-induced cell death. Toxicol. Sci. 92(2): 507–515.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Li, C., Yu, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Zhang, M., Sugano, S., Wang, Z., and Chang, Z. (2008) Both ERK and JNK are required for enhancement of MD-2 gene expression during differentiation of HL-60 cells. Biol. Cell 100(6): 365–375.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kim, K.A., Kim, J.H., Wang, Y., and Sul, H.S. (2007) Pref-1 (preadipocyte factor 1) activates the MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway to inhibit adipocyte differentiation. Mol. Cell Biol. 27(6): 2294–2308.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Mauro, A., Ciccarelli, C., De, C.P., Scoglio, A., Bouché, M., Molinaro, M., Aquino, A., and Zani, B.M. (2002) PKCalpha-mediated ERK, JNK and p38 activation regulates the myogenic program in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. J. Cell Sci. 115(Pt 18): 3587–3599.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ishrath, A., Kumar, N., and Dey, C.S. (2002) Differential activation of ERK and JNK by arsenite in mouse muscle cells. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 132(3): 375–384.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Manktelow, B.W. (1967) The loss of pulmonary surfactant in paraquat poisoning: A model for the study of the respiratory distress syndrome. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 48(3): 366–369.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Fukuda, Y., Ferrans, V.J., Schoenberger, C.I., Rennard, S.I., and Crystal, R.G. (1985) Patterns of pulmonary structural remodeling after experimental paraquat toxicity. The morphogenesis of intraalveolar fibrosis. Am. J. Pathol. 118(3): 452–475.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Yaffe, D. and Saxel, O. (1977) Serial passaging and differentiation of myogenic cells isolated from dystrophic mouse muscle. Nature 270: 725–727.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Yagi, K. (1976) A simple fluorometric assay for lipoperoxide in blood plasma. Biochem. Med. 15: 212–216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hertzman, C., Wiens, M., Bowering, D., Snow, B., and Calne, D. (1990) Parkinson’s disease: A case-control study of occupational and environmental risk factors. Am. J. Ind. Med. 17(3): 349–355.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hubble, J.P., Cao, T., Hassanein, R.E., Neuberger. J.S., and Koller, W.C. (1993) Risk factors for Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 43; 1693–1697.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Jimenez-Jimenez, F.J., Mateo, D., and Gimenez-Roldan, S. (1992) Exposure to well water and pesticides in Parkinson’s disease: A case-control study in the Madrid area. Mov. Disord. 7: 149–152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Liou, H.H., Tsai, M.C., Chen, C.J., Jeng, J.S., Chang, Y.C., Chen, S.Y., and Chen, R.C. (1997) Environmental risk factors and Parkinson’s disease: A case control study in Taiwan. Neurology 48: 1583–1588.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang, F., Semchuk, K.M., and Love, E.J. (1992) An assessment of the usefulness of demographic data provided by surrogate respondents in a case-control study of Parkinson’s disease. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 45; 1219–1227.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan

    Masaaki Okabe & Sogo Nishimoto

  2. Ehime University, 790-8566, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Japan

    Masaaki Okabe & Takuya Sugahara

  3. Integrated Center for Sciences, Ehime University, 790-8566, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Japan

    Koichi Akiyama

  4. Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 790-8566, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Japan

    Koichi Akiyama & Yoshimi Kakinuma

  5. Integrated Center for Sciences (INCS), Ehime University, 790-8566, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Japan

    Yoshimi Kakinuma

Authors
  1. Masaaki Okabe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Koichi Akiyama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sogo Nishimoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Takuya Sugahara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yoshimi Kakinuma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Masaaki Okabe .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fac. Engineering, Dept. Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan

    Masamichi Kamihira

  2. Fac. Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan

    Yoshinori Katakura

  3. Fac. Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan

    Akira Ito

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this paper

Cite this paper

Okabe, M., Akiyama, K., Nishimoto, S., Sugahara, T., Kakinuma, Y. (2010). The Differentiation of C2C12 Cells to Myotube by Paraquat. In: Kamihira, M., Katakura, Y., Ito, A. (eds) Animal Cell Technology: Basic & Applied Aspects. Animal Cell Technology: Basic & Applied Aspects, vol 16. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3892-0_35

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation