Skip to main content

What are Microbial Mats?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Microbial Mats

Part of the book series: Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology ((COLE,volume 14))

Abstract

Awareness of biofilms and microbial mats is not a modern attribute (see, in this context, Krumbein, 1993, 1994; Krumbein et al., 2003). Slippery surfaces, mucilage-embedded organic films, plaques, or rock patina may have not only stimulated olfactory, tactile, and visual senses, but also initiated questions about reasons. Today, various fields in biology, chemistry, medicine, geology, paleontology, and finally astrobiology share interest in biofilms and microbial mats. Their wealth of scientific questions results in a choice of definitions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aharon, P. (2000) Microbial processes and products fueled by hydrocarbons at submarine seeps, In: R.E. Riding and S.M. Awramik (eds.) Microbial Sediments. Springer, Berlin, pp. 270–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altermann, W., Kazmierczak, J., Oren, A. and Wright, D. (2006) Microbial calcification and its impact on the sedimentary rock record during 3.5 billion years of earth history. Geobiology 1: 169–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauld, J. (1984) Microbial mats in marginal marine environments: Shark Bay, Western Australia and Spencer Gulf, South Australia, In: Y. Cohen, R.W. Castenholz and H.O. Halvorson (eds.) Microbial Mats: Stromatolites. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 39–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouougri, E. and Porada, H. (2007) Complex structures associated with siliciclastic biolaminites, In: J. Schieber, P.K. Bose, P.G. Eriksson, S. Banerjee, S. Sarkar, W. Altermann and O. Catuneanu (eds.) Atlas of Microbial Mat Features Preserved Within the Siliciclastic Rock Record. Atlases in Geosciences 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 111–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouougri, E., Gerdes, G. and Porada, H. (2007) Inherent problems of terminology: definition of terms frequently used in connection with microbial mats, In: J. Schieber, P.K. Bose, P.G. Eriksson, S. Banerjee, S. Sarkar, W. Altermann and O. Catuneanu (eds.) Atlas of Microbial Mat Features Preserved Within the Siliciclastic Rock Record. Atlases in Geosciences 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 145–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brehm, U., Gasiewicz, A., Gerdes, G. and Krumbein, W.E. (2002) Biolaminoid facies in a peritidal sabkha: Permian Platy Dolomite of northern Poland. Int. J. Earth Sci. 91: 260–271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Browne, K.M., Golubic, S. and Seong-Joo, L. (2000) Shallow marine microbial carbonate deposits, In: R.E. Riding and S.M. Awramik (eds.) Microbial Sediments. Springer, Berlin, pp. 233–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castenholz, R.W., Jørgensen, B.B., D’Amelio, E. and Bauld, J. (1991) Photosynthetic and behavioural versatility of the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria boryana in a sulfide-rich microbial mat. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 86: 43–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Characklis, W.G. and Wilderer, P.A. (1989) Structure and Function of Biofilms. Dahlem Workshop Reports. Life Sciences Research Report 46. Wiley, Chichester, 386 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y. (1989) Photosynthesis in cyanobacterial mats and its relation to the sulfur cycle: a model for microbial sulfur interactions, In: Y. Cohen and E. Rosenberg (eds.) Microbial Mats – Physiological Ecology of Benthic Microbial Communities. ASM, Washington, DC, pp. 22–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooksey, K.E. (1992) Extracellular polymers in biofilms, In: L.F. Melo, T.R. Bott, M. Fletcher and B. Capdeville (eds.) Biofilms – Science and Technology. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 137–147.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Costerton, J.W., Lewandowski, Z., Caldwell, D.E., Korber, D.R. and Lappin-Scott, H.M. (1995) Microbial biofilms. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 49: 711–745.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dade, W.B., Davis, J.D., Nichols, P.D., Nowell, A.R.M., Thistle, D., Trexler, M.B. and White, D.C. (1990) Effects of bacterial exopolymer adhesion on the entrainment of sand. Geomicrobiol. J.8: 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Decho, A.W. (2000) Exopolymer microdomains as a structuring agent for heterogeneity within microbial biofilms, In: R.E. Riding and S.M. Awramik (eds.) Microbial Sediments. Springer, Berlin, pp. 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, P.G., Schieber, J., Bouougri, E., Gerdes, G., Porada, H., Banerjee, S., Bose, P.K. and Sarkar, S. (2007) Classification of structures left by microbial mats in their host sediments, In: J. Schieber, P.K. Bose, P.G. Eriksson, S. Banerjee, S. Sarkar, W. Altermann and O. Catuneanu (eds.) Atlas of Microbial Mat Features Preserved Within the Siliciclastic Rock Record. Atlases in Geosciences 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 39–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flügel, E. (2004) Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks. Springer, Berlin, 976 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman G.M., Sanders J.E. and Kopaska-Merkel, D. (1992) Principles of Sedimentary Deposits. MacMillan, New York, 717 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasiewicz, A., Gerdes, G. and Krumbein, W.E. (1987) The peritidal sabkha type stromatolites of the Platy Dolomite (Ca3) of the Leba elevation (northern Poland). Lect. Notes Earth Sci. 10: 253–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gehling, J.G. (1991) The case for Ediacaran fossil roots to the metazoan tree. Geol. Soc. India Mem. 20: 181–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerdes, G. (2007) Structures left by modern microbial mats in their host sediments, In: J. Schieber, P.K. Bose, P.G. Eriksson, S. Banerjee, S. Sarkar, W. Altermann and O. Catuneanu (eds.) Atlas of Microbial Mat Features Preserved Within the Siliciclastic Rock Record. Atlases in Geosciences 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 5–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerdes, G. and Klenke, T. (2003) Geologische Bedeutung ökologischer Zeiträume in biogener Schichtung (Mikrobenmatten, potentielle Stromatolithe). Mitteilung der Gesellschaft für Geologie und Bergbaustudien. Österr. 46: 35–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerdes, G. and Klenke, T. (2007) States of biogenic bedding as records of the interplay of ecologic time and environment. Senckenbergiana Maritima 37: 129–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdes, G., Krumbein, W.E. and Holtkamp, E. (1985) Salinity and water activity related zonation of microbial communities and potential stromatolites of the Gavish Sabkha, In: G.M. Friedman and W.E. Krumbein (eds.) Hypersaline Ecosystems. The Gavish Sabkha. Springer, Berlin, pp. 238–266.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdes, G., Dunajtschik-Piewak, K., Riege, H., Taher, A.G., Krumbein, W.E. and Reineck, H.E. (1994) Structural diversity of biogenic carbonate particles in microbial mats. Sedimentology 41: 1273–1294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdes, G., Klenke, T. and Noffke, N. (2000) Microbial signatures in peritidal siliciclastic sediments, a catalogue. Sedimentology 47: 279–308.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagadorn, J.W. and Bottjer, D.J. (1997) Wrinkle structures: microbially mediated sedimentary structures common in subtidal siliciclastic settings at the Proterozoic–Phanerozoic transition. Geology 25: 1047–1050.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen, B.B. and Des Marais, D.J. (1986) Competition for sulfide among colorless and purple sulfur bacteria in cyanobacterial mats. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 38: 179–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kropp, J., von Bloh, W. and Klenke, T. (1996) Calcite formation in microbial mats: modeling and quantification of inhomogeneous distribution patterns by cellular automation model and multifractal measures. Geol. Rundschau 85: 857–863.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krumbein, W.E. (1983) Stromatolites – the challenge of a term in space and time. Precambrian Res. 20: 493–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krumbein, W.E. (1993) Paracelsus und die mucilaginischen Substanzen – 500 Jahre EPS-Forschung. DGM-Mitteilungen 1993: 8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krumbein, W.E. (1994) The year of the slime, In: W.E. Krumbein, D.M. Paterson and L.J. Stal (eds.) Biostabilization of Sediments. Bibliotheks- und Informationssystem BIS, Oldenburg, pp. 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krumbein, W.E. (1996). Geophysiology and parahistology of the interactions of organisms with the environment. P.S.Z.N.I: Mar. Ecol. 17: 1–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krumbein, W.E., Brehm, U., Gorbushina, A.A., Levit, G. and Palinska, K.A. (2003) Biofilm, biodictyon and biomat – biolaminites, oolites, stromatolites – geophysiology, global mechanism and parahistology, In: W.E. Krumbein, D.M. Paterson and G.A. Zavarzin (eds.) Fossil and Recent Biofilms. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neu, T.R. (1994) Biofilms and microbial mats, In: W.E. Krumbein, D.M. Paterson and L.J. Stal (eds.) Biostabilization of Sediments. Bibliotheks-Informationssystem BIS, Oldenburg, pp. 9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neu, T.R. and Marshall, K.C. (1990) Bacterial polymers: physicochemical aspects of their interaction at interfaces. J. Biomat. Appl. 5: 107–133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neu, T.R., Eitner, A. and Paje, M.L. (2003) Development and architecture of complex environmental biofilms, In: W.E. Krumbein, D.M. Paterson and G.A. Zavarzin (eds.) Fossil and Recent Biofilms. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 29–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noffke, N. (2007) Microbially-induced sedimentary structures (MISS) of early and middle Archaean Ages – Moodies Group, Pongola Supergroup, Witwatersrand Supergroup (South Africa), In: J. Schieber, P.K. Bose, P.G. Eriksson, S. Banerjee, S. Sarkar, W. Altermann and O. Catuneanu (eds.) Atlas of Microbial Mat Features Preserved Within the Siliciclastic Rock Record. Atlases in Geosciences 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 153–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noffke, N. and Krumbein, W.E. (1999) A quantitative approach to sedimentary surface structures contoured by the interplay of microbial colonization and physical dynamics. Sedimentology 46: 417–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oschmann, W. (2000) Microbes and black shales, In: R.E. Riding and S.M. Awramik (eds.) Microbial Sediments. Springer, Berlin, pp. 137–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmisano, A.C., Cronin, S.E., D’Amelio, E.D., Munoz, E. and Des Marais, D.J. (1989) Distribution and survival of lipophilic pigments in a laminated microbial mat community near Guerrero Negro, Mexico, In: Y. Cohen and E. Rosenberg (eds.) Microbial Mats – Physiological Ecology of Bethic Microbial Communities. ASM, Washington, DC, pp. 138–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porada, H. and Bouougri, E. (2007) Wrinkle structures – a critical review, In: J. Schieber, P.K. Bose, P.G. Eriksson, S. Banerjee, S. Sarkar, W. Altermann and O. Catuneanu (eds.) Atlas of Microbial Mat Features Preserved Within the Siliciclastic Rock Record. Atlases in Geosciences 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 135–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porada, H., Bouougri, E. and Ghergut, J. (2007) Hydraulic conditions and mat-related structures in tidal flats and coastal sabkhas, In: J. Schieber, P.K. Bose, P.G. Eriksson, S. Banerjee, S. Sarkar, W. Altermann and O. Catuneanu (eds.) Atlas of Microbial Mat Features Preserved Within the Siliciclastic Rock Record. Atlases in Geosciences 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 258–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reimers, C.E., Kastner, M. and Garrison, R.E. (1990) The role of bacterial mats in phosphate mineralization with particular reference to the monterey formation, In: W.C. Burnett and S.R. Riggs (eds.) Phosphate Deposits of the World. Vol. 3. Neogene to Modern Phosphorites. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 300–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reineck, H.-E., Gerdes, G., Claes, M., Dunajtschik, K., Riege, H. and Krumbein, W.E. (1990) Microbial modification of sedimentary surface structures, In: D. Heling, P. Rothe, U. Förstner and P. Stoffers (eds.) Sediments and Environmental Geochemistry . Springer, Berlin, pp. 254–276.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Riding, R. (2000) Microbial carbonates: the geological record of calcified bacterial-algal mats and biofilms. Sedimentology 47: 179–214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouchy, J.M. and Monty, C. (2000) Gypsum microbial sediments: neogene and modern examples, In: R.E. Riding and S.M. Awramik (eds.) Microbial Sediments. Springer, Berlin, pp. 209–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schieber, J. (1986) The possible role of benthic microbial mats during the formation of carbonaceous shales in shallow Proterozoic basins. Sedimentology 33: 521–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schieber, J. (2007) Flume experiments on the durability of sandy microbial mat fragments during transport, In: J. Schieber, P.K. Bose, P.G. Eriksson, S. Banerjee, S. Sarkar, W. Altermann and O. Catuneanu (eds.) Atlas of Microbial Mat Features Preserved Within the Siliciclastic Rock Record. Atlases in Geosciences 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 248–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schieber, J., Bose, P.K., Eriksson, P.G., Banerjee, S., Sarkar, S., Altermann, W. and Catuneanu, O. (eds.) (2007) Atlas of Microbial Mat Features Preserved Within the Siliciclastic Rock Record. Atlases in Geoscience 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 311 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, E. (1937) Das Farbstreifen-Sandwatt und seine Fauna, eine ökologisch-biozönotische Untersuchung an der Nordsee. Meereskundl. Arb. Univ. Kiel 1: 359–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, R.D. (1984) Evolution of the microbial mat community: problems and technological solutions, In: Y. Cohen, R.W. Castenholz and H.O. Halvorson (eds.) Microbial Mats: Stromatolites. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 437–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stal, L.J. (1994) Microbial mats: ecophysiological interactions related to biogenic sediment stabilization, In: W.E. Krumbein, D.M. Paterson and L.J. Stal (eds.) Biostabilization of Sediments. University of Oldenburg, BIS Oldenburg, pp. 41–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolz, J. (1984) Fine structure of the stratified microbial community at Laguna Figueroa, Baja California, Mexico: II. Transmission electron microscopy as a diagnostic tool in studying microbial communities in situ, In: Y. Cohen, R.W. Castenholz and H.O. Halvorson (eds.) Microbial Mats: Stromatolites. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 23–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolz, J. (2000) Structure of microbial mats and biofilms, In: R.E. Riding and S.M. Awramik (eds.) Microbial Sediments. Springer, Berlin, pp. 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoodley, P., Lewandowski, Z., Boyle, J.D. and Lappin-Scott, H.M. (1999) The formation of migratory ripples in a mixed species bacterial biofilm growing in turbulent flow. Environ. Microbiol. 1: 447–457.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiel, V., Peckmann, J., Richnow, H.H., Luth, U., Reitner, J. and Michaelis, W. (2001) Molecular signals for anaerobic methane oxidation in Black Sea seep carbonates and a microbial mat. Mar. Chem. 73: 97–112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Gemerden, H. (1993) Microbial mats: a joint venture, In: R.J. Parkes, P. Westbroek and J.W. de Leeuw (eds.) Marine Sediments, Burial, Pore Water Chemistry, Microbiology and Diagenesis. Mar. Geol. 113: 3–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verrecchia, E.P. (2000) Fungi and sediments, In: R.E. Riding and S.M. Awramik (eds.) Microbial Sediments. Springer, Berlin, pp. 68–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wachendörfer, V., Krumbein, W.E. and Schellnhuber, H.-J. (1994) Bacteriogenic porosity of marine sediments – a case of biomorphogenesis of sedimentary rocks, In: W.E. Krumbein, D.M. Paterson and L.J. Stal (eds.) Biostabilization of Sediments. Bibliotheks-Informationssystem BIS, Oldenburg, pp. 203–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zavarzin, G.A. (2003) Diversity of cyano-bacterial mats, In: W.E. Krumbein, D.M. Paterson and G.A. Zavarzin (eds.) Fossil and Recent Biofilms. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 141–150.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gisela Gerdes .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gerdes, G. (2010). What are Microbial Mats?. In: Seckbach, J., Oren, A. (eds) Microbial Mats. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, vol 14. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3799-2_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics