Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Observations of Solar Neutron Events by Ground Based Detectors, and Their Interpretation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Solar Neutrons and Related Phenomena

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 365))

  • 781 Accesses

Abstarct

According to Aushev et al. (1999), the Tyan Shan high altitude neutron monitor has a favourable location and good data statistics for solar neutron observations; however, only one enhancement of June 15, 1991 has been attributed to primary solar neutrons during 1976–1998 years. The work of Aushev et al. (1999) presents a search for other possible solar neutron events in the Tyan Shan NM data. The catalogue of major x-ray events registered by the GOES satellites and the available information on the hard x-ray and gamma solar emission obtained aboard the SMM and CGRO satellites were used in this search. For each event from the catalogue, Aushev et al. (1999) calculated an expected response of the Alma-Ata neutron monitor to the flux of solar neutrons like that observed on June 3, 1982. Possible candidates were chosen by comparing expectations with the real NM count rate. Some particular candidates and the statistics of the NM count rate close to onset of energetic solar events are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alania M, Jedrzejczak K, Karczmarczyk J, Swarzynski J, Szabelska B, Szabelski J, Wibig T (2003) Directional variation of 5 GeV Muon Flux observed in the underground Muon telescope. Proceedings of the 28th international cosmic ray conference, vol 6. Tsukuba, pp 3573–3576

    Google Scholar 

  • Allkofer OC (1983) Cosmic ray composition at 1012−1015 eV derived from muon measurements. In: Shapiro MM (ed) Composition and origin of cosmic rays. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, pp 101–118

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Aushev V, Antonova V, Belov A, Eroshenko E, Kryakunova O, Struminsky A (1999) Search for solar neutron events in Alma-Ata NM data. Proceedings of the 26th international cosmic ray conference, vol 6. Salt Lake City, pp 50–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Avrett EH (1981) Reference model atmosphere calculation – the sunspot model. Proceedings of the sunspot conference, New Mexico, Sacramento Peak Observatory, pp 235–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Barat C, Trottet G, Vilmer ZN, Dezalay J-P, Talon IR, Sunyaev R, Terekhov O, Kuznetsov A (1994) Evidence for intense coronal prompt gamma-ray line emission from a solar flare. Astrophys J Lett (USA) 425(2):L109–L112, Part 2

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Barat C, Trottet G (1997) Private communication to R. J. Murphy

    Google Scholar 

  • Belov AV, Ishkov VN, Zusmanovich AG, Kudela K (1987) Observation of solar neutrons by high-altitude neutron monitors. Geomagnet Aeronomiya 27(3):375–382, in Russian

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bieber JW, Evenson P, Droge W, Pyle R, Ruffolo D, Rujiwarodom M, Tooprakai P, Khumlumlert T (2004) Spaceship earth observations of the Easter 2001 solar particle event. Astrophys J Lett (USA) 601(1):L103–L106, Part 2

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bieber JW, Clem J, Evenson P, Pyle R, Ruffolo D, Saiz A (2005) Relativistic solar neutrons and protons on 28 October 2003. Geophys Res Lett 32(3):L03S02–L03S03. doi:10.1029/2004GL021492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Capdevielle JN, Muraki Y (1999) Inverse muon charge ratio induced by solar neutrons. Astropart Phys 11(3):335–346

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cattani D, Cecchini S, Galli M, Giovannini G, Lattanzi D, Pagliarin A (2003) Cosmic ray intensity variations observed by environmental radiation monitors. Proceedings of the 28th international cosmic ray conference, vol 6. Tsukuba pp 3577–3580

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiba N, Hashimoto K, Hayashida N, Honda K, Honda M, Inoue N, Kakimoto F, Kamata K, Kawaguchi S, Kawasumi N, Matsubara Y, Murakami K, Nagano M, Ogio S, Ohoka H, Saito T, Sakuma Y, Tsushima I, Teshima M, Umezawa T, Yoshida S, Yoshii H (1992a) Akeno giant air shower array (AGASA) covering 100 km2 area. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A 311(1–2):338–349

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiba N, Dion GM, Hayashida N, Honda K, Honda M, Inoue N, Kadota K, Kakimoto F, Kamata K, Kawaguchi S, Kawasumi N, Matsubara Y, Nagano M, Ohoka H, Teshima M, Tsushima I, Yoshida S, Yoshii H, Yoshikoshi T (1992b) Possible evidence for ≥10 GeV neutrons associated with the solar flare of 4 June 1991. Astroparticie Phys 1(1):27–32

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chupp EL (1984) High-energy neutral radiations from the sun. Ann Rev Astron Astrophys 22:359–387

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chupp EL, Forrest DJ, Ryan JM, Cherry ML, Reppin C, Kanbach G, Rieger E, Pinkau K, Share GH, Kinzer RL, Strickman MS, Johnson WN, Kurfess JD (1981) Observation of the 2.223 MeV gamma-ray line on the SMM satellite-the event of 1980 June 7. Astrophys J 244(3):L171–L174

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chupp EL, Forrest DJ, Ryan JM, Heslin J, Reppin C, Pinkau K, Kanbach G, Rieger E, Share GH (1982) A direct observation of solar neutrons following the 0118 UT flare on 1980 June 21. Astrophys J 263(2):L95–L99, Part 2

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chupp EL, Forrest DJ, Share GH, Kanbach G, Debrunner H, Flueckiger E (1983) Solar neutrons from the impulsive flare on 1982 June 3 at 1143 UT. Proceedings of the 18th international cosmic ray conference, vol 10. Bangalore, pp 334–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Chupp EL, Cline TL, Evans WD, Fenimore E, Gorenstein P, Grindlay J, Lamb DQ, Lewin WHG, Lingenfelter RE, Matteson JL, Ramaty R, Ricker GR, Share G, Teegarden B, Woosley SE (1984) In: Woosley (ed) The high energy transient explorer (HETE). AIP conference proceedings of the high energy transients in astrophysics, Santa Cruz, 1983, No. 115. AIP Press, New York, pp 709–714

    Google Scholar 

  • Chupp EL, Forrest DJ, Vestrand WT, Dubrunner H, Flueckiger EO, Cooper JF, Kanbach G, Reppin C, Share GH (1985) Time extended production of neutrons during a solar flare. Proceedings of the 19th international cosmic ray conference, vol 4. La Jolla, pp 126–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Chupp EL, Debrunner H, Flueckiger E, Forrest DJ, Golliez F, Kanbach G, Vestrand WT, Cooper J, Share G (1987) Solar neutron emissivity during the large flare on 1982 June 3. Astrophys J 318, Part I(2):913–925

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Clem JM, Dorman LI (2000) Neutron monitor response functions. Space Sci Rev 93(1–2):335–359

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Andrea C, Poirier J (2003) A study of the ground level event of April 15, 2001 with GRAND. Proceedings of the 28th international cosmic ray conference, vol 6. Tsukuba, pp 3423–3426

    Google Scholar 

  • Debrunner H, Flückiger EO, Chupp EL, Forrest DJ (1983) The solar cosmic ray neutron event on June 3, 1982. Proceedings of the 18th international cosmic ray conference, vol 4. Bangalore, pp 75–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Debrunner H, Flückiger EO, Stein P (1989) On the sensitivity of neutron monitors to solar neutrons. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A (Netherlands) 278(2):573–575

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Debrunner H, Lockwood JA, Ryan JM (1993) Solar neutron and proton production during the 1990 May 24 cosmic-ray flare increases. Astrophys J 409(2, Part I):822–829

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Debrunner H, Debrunner H, Lockwood JA, Barat C, Bütikofer R, Dezalay JP, Flückiger E, Kuznetsov A, Ryan JM, Sunyaev R, Terekhov OV, Trottet G, Vilmer N (1997) Energetic neutrons, protons and gamma rays during the 1990 May 24 solar cosmic ray event. Astrophys J 479(2):997–1011, Part 1

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • DelSignore KW (1995) Ph.D. thesis, Case Western Reserve University

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorman LI, Venkatesan D (1993) Solar cosmic rays. Space Sci Rev 64(3-4):183–362

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorman LI, Valdes-Galicia JF (1997) Analytical approximation to solar neutron scattering and attenuation in the Earth’s atmosphere. Proceedings of the 25th international cosmic ray conference, vol 1. Durban (South Africa), pp 29–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorman LI, Dorman IV, Valdes-Galicia JF (1997a) Simulation of solar neutron scattering and attenuation in the Earth’s atmosphere for different initial zenith angles. Proceedings of the 25th international cosmic ray conference, vol 1. Durban (South Africa), pp 25–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorman LI, Valdes-Galicia JF, Rodriquez M (1997b) The event of 24 May 1990 and the problem of solar neutron propagation through the Earth’s atmosphere: does the ‘refraction’ effect exist? Proceedings of the 25th international cosmic ray conference, vol 1. Durban (South Africa), pp 33–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorman LI, Valdes-Galicia JF, Dorman IV (1999a) Numerical simulation and analytical description of solar neutron transport in the Earth’s atmosphere. J Geophys Res 104(A10):22417–22426

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorman LI, Dorman IV, Valdes-Galicia JF (1999b) Analytical description of solar neutron propagation in the atmosphere for different initial zenith angles by considering scattering, attenuation and energy change. Proceedings of the 26-th international cosmic ray conference, vol 7. Salt Lake City, pp 367–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorman LI, Dorman IV, Valdes-Galicia JF (2000) Propagation of inclined solar neutrons: scattering, energy decrease, attenuation, and refraction effect. In: Mewaldt RA et al (eds) Acceleration and transport of energetic particles observed in the heliosphere. AIP Conference Proceedings, No. 528, pp 173–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Efimov YE, Kocharov GE, Kudela K (1983) On the solar neutrons observation on high mountain neutron monitor. Proceedings of the 18th international cosmic ray conference, vol 10. Bangalore, pp 276–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Filippov AT (1987) On the solar flares with high energy neutron generation by using of Tixie neutron supermonitor data. In: Kocharov G (ed) Processes on the surface and in the interior of the sun, Leningrad, pp 50–53 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Filippov AT (1990) On high-energy neutrons from solar flares upon ground-based measurement data. Proceedings of the 21st international cosmic ray conference, vol 5. Adelaida, pp 133–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Filippov AT, Prikhod’ko AN (1993) The solar flare of 24 May 1990 with generation of high-energy neutrons. Izvestiya RAN Ser Phys 57(7):31–33, In Russian

    Google Scholar 

  • Flűckiger EO, Bűtikofer R, Chilingarian A, Hovsepyan G, Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Sako T, Tsuchiya H, Sakai T (2001) Search for solar neutrons in association with large solar flares in July 2000 and March/April 2001. Proceedings of the 27th international cosmic ray conference, vol 8. Hamburg, pp 3044–3047

    Google Scholar 

  • Flückiger EO, Bütikofer R, Chilingarian A, Hovsepyan G, Tan YH, Yuda T, Tsuchiya H, Ohnishi M, Katayose Y, Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Sako T, Watanabe K, Masuda K, Sakai T, Shibata S, Ogasawara R, Mizumoto Y, Nakagiri M, Miyashita A, Stoker PH, Lopate C, Kudela K, Gros M (2005) Solar neutron events that have been found in solar cycle 23. Int J Modern Phys A 20(29):6646–6649

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • González LX, Valdés-Galicia JF, Musalem O, Hurtado A, Muraki Y, Sako T, Watanabe K, Matsubara Y, Shibata S, Sakai T, Tsujihara H (2008) Energy spectrum for the solar neutron event of September 7 2005, derived from the SNT at Sierra Negra. Proceedings of the 30th international cosmic ray conference, vol 1. Merida, Mexico, pp 57–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatton CJ (1971) The neutron monitor. In: Wilson JG, Wouthuysen SA (eds) Progress in physics of cosmic ray and elementary particles, vol 10. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 3–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoshida T, Matsubara Y, Muraki Y, et al (1999) A possible observation of solar neutrons in association with November 28th, 1998 Flare. In: Proceedings of the 26th international cosmic ray conference, Salt Lake City, 1999, vol 6, pp 38–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoshino M, Arons J, Gallant YA, Langdon AB (1992) Relativistic magnetosonic shock waves in synchrotron sources: shock structure and nonthermal acceleration of positrons. Astrophys J 390(2, Part I):454–479

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hua H-M, Lingenfelter RE (1987a) Solar flare neutron and accelerated ion angular distributions. Astrophys J 323(2, Part I):779–794

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hua H-M, Lingenfelter RE (1987b) Solar flare neutron production and the angular dependence of the capture gamma-ray emission. Solar Phys 107(2):351–383

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hua X-M, Kozlovsky B, Lingenfelter RE, Ramaty R, Stupp A (2002) Angular and energy-dependent neutron emission from solar flare magnetic loops. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 140(2):563–579

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hulot E, Vilmer N, Chupp EL, Dennis BR, Kane SR (1992) Ray and x-ray time profiles expected from a trap-plus-precipitation model for the 7 June 1980 and 27 April 1981 solar flares. Astron Astrophys (Germany) 256(1):273–285

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins TL, Frye GM Jr, Stansfield S, Kinzer RL, Jensen C, Kurfess JD, Johnson WN, Strickman M, Byrd R, Foster C (1991) Response of the OSSE GRO detector to 30-200 MeV neutrons. Proceedings of the 22nd international cosmic ray conference, vol 3. Dublin, pp 760–763

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson WN, Kinzer RL, Kurfess JD, Strickman MS (1993) The oriented scintillation spectrometer experiment: instrument description. Astrophys J Suppl Ser (USA) 86(2):693–712

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanbach G, Bertsch DL, Fichtel CE, Hartman RC, Hunter SD, Kniffen DA, Kwok PW, Lin YC, Mattox JR, Mayer-Hasselwander HA, Michelson PF, von Montigny C, Nolan PL, Pinkau K, Rothermel H, Schneid E, Sommer M, Sreekumar P, Thompson DJ (1993) Detection of a long-duration solar gamma-ray flare on June 11, 1991 with EGRET on Compton-GRO. Astron Astrophys Suppl Ser (France) 97(1):349–353

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kane SR, Hurley K, McTiernan JM, Sommer M, Boer M, Niel M (1995) Energy release and dissipation during giant solar flares. Astrophys J Lett (USA) 446(1, Part I):L47–L50

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Karpov SN, Alekseenko VV, Karpova ZM, Khaerdinov NS, Petkov VB (2003) Yield and response functions of the Baksan EAS-array andyrchy for single component. Proceedings of the 28th international cosmic ray conference, vol 6. Tsukuba, pp 3457–3460

    Google Scholar 

  • Katayose Y, Izu K, Ohnishi M, et al (1999) A solar neutron telescope in Tibet. In: Proceedings of the 26th international cosmic ray conference, Salt Lake City, vol 6, pp 58–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Kocharov GE, Kocharov LG, Kovaltsov GA, Shea MA, Smart DF, Armstrong TP, Pyle KR, Chuikin EI (1993) Evidence for extended neutron and gamma-ray generation during two solar flares. Proceedings of the 23rd international cosmic ray conference, vol 3. Calgary, pp 107–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohno T, Miyasaka H (1999) Proceedings of the solar neutron symposium, Nagoya, pp 66–72 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Koi T, Muraki Y, Masuda K, Matsubara Y, Sako T, Murata T, Tsuchiya H, Shibata S, Munakata Y, Hatanaka K, Wakasa T, Sakai H (2001) Attenuation of neutrons in the atmosphere and a thick carbon target. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A 469(1):63–69

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Litvinenko YE (1996) Particle acceleration in reconnecting current sheets with a nonzero magnetic field. Astrophys J 462(2):997–1004, Part 1

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Le GM, Tang YH, Tang YQ (2007) What did the occurrence of relativistic solar neutrons on 28 October 2003 mean? In: Proceedings of the 30th international cosmic ray conference, Merida (Mexico), Pre-conference edition, http://dpnc.unige.ch/ams/ICRC-07/icrc0397.pdf, pp 1–4

  • Matsubara Y, Tajima N, Kakimoto F, Kaneko T, Ogio S, Osco F, Martinic N, Murakami K, Muraki Y, Takahashi T, Yoshii H (1993) New Bolivia solar neutron telescope. Proceedings of the 23rd international cosmic ray conference, vol 3. Calgary, Contributed Papers, pp 139–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsubara Y, Muraki Y, Sako T, Kakimoto F, Ogio S, Murakami K, Kaneko T, Yoshii H, Toyoda Y, Tajima N, Shirasaki Y, Martinic N, Miranda P, Ticona R, Velarde A (1999) Possible observation of solar neutrons on November 6, 1997 at chacaltaya. Proceedings of the 26th international cosmic ray conference, vol 6. Salt Lake City, pp 46–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsubara Y, Muraki Y, Sako T, Watanabe K, Masuda S, Sakai T, Shibata S, Fluckiger E, Butikofer R, Chilingarian A, Hovsepyan G, Tan YH, Yuda T, Ohnishi M, Tsuchiya H, Katayose Y, Ogasawara R, Mizumoto Y, Nakagiri M, Miyashita A, Velarde A, Ticona R, Martinic N (2005) Search for neutrons associated with proton flares in solar cycle 23. Proceedings of the 29th international cosmic ray conference, vol 1. Pune, pp 17–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsubara Y, Muraki Y, Sako T, Watanabe K, Sakai T, Shibata S, Flűckiger4 E, Bűtikofer R, Chilingarian A, Hovsepyan G, Tan YH, Yuda T, Ohonishi M, Tsuchiya H, Katayose Y, Ogasawara R, Mizumoto Y, Kakimoto F, Tsunesada Y, Velarde A, Ticona R, Martinic N, Miranda P, Valdes-Galicia JF, Gonzalez LX, Hurtado A, Musale O (2008) Search for solar neutrons associated with series of X-class flares during the declining period of solar cycle 23. Proceedings of the 30th international cosmic ray conference, vol 1. Merida, Mexico, pp 33–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Muraki Y, Shibata S (1996) Solar neutrons on May 24th, 1990. In: Ramaty R, Mandzhavidze N, Hua X-M (eds) High energy solar physics. Proceedings of the conference held in Greenbelt, Maryland, 1995. AIP conference proceedings, vol 374, Issue 1, pp 256–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Muraki Y, Murakami K, Shibata S, Yamada T, Miyazaki M, Takahashi T, Mitsui K, Sakai T, Yamaguchi K (1991a) On isolated neutron events of Feb. 22, 1991 and May 3, 1991. Proceedings of the. 22nd international cosmic ray conference, vol 3. Dublin, pp 45–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Muraki Y, Murakami K, Shibata S, Sakakibara S, Yamada T, Miyazaki M, Takahashi T, Mitsui K, Sakai T (1991b) Solar neutrons associated with the large solar flare of June 1991. Proceedings of the 22nd international cosmic ray conference, vol 3. Dublin, pp 49–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Masuda S, Sako T, Watanabe K, Bütikofer R, Flückiger EO, Chilingarian A, Hovsepyan G, Kakimoto F, Tsunesada Y, Tokuno H, Velarde A, Sakai T (2006) Detection of solar neutrons and protons by ground level detectors. Proceedings of the 30th European cosmic ray symposium, Lisbon, Paper S2-98

    Google Scholar 

  • Muraki Y, Tsuchiya H, Fujiki K, Masuda S, Matsubara Y, Menjyo H, Sakoa T, Watanabe K, Ohnishi M, Shiomi A, Takita M, Yuda T, Katayose Y, Hotta N, Ozawa S, Sakurai T, Tan YH, Zhang JL (2007) A solar neutron telescope in Tibet and its capability examined by the 1998 November 28th event. Astroparticle Phys 28(1):119–131

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Masuda S, Sako T, Sakakibara S, Watanabe K, Flűckiger E, Bűtikofer R, Chilingarian A, Kakimoto F, Terasawa T, Tsunesada Y, Tokuno H, Velarde A, Vashenyk EV, Sakai T (2008a) Simultaneous detection of high-energy solar neutrons and protons at Chacaltaya observatory on April 15, 2001. Proceedings of the 30th international cosmic ray conference, vol 1. Merida, Mexico, pp 29–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Masuda S, Sakakibara S, Sako T, Watanabe K, Bűtikofer R, Flűckiger EO, Chilingarian A, Hovsepyan G, Kakimoto F, Terasawa T, Tsunesada Y, Tokuno H, Velarde A, Evenson P, Poirier J, Sakai T (2008b) Detection of high-energy solar neutrons and protons by ground level detectors on April 15, 2001. Astroparticle Phys 29(4):229–242

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy RJ, Share GH, Letaw JR, Forrest DJ (1990) Nuclear line spectroscopy of the 1981 April 27 solar flare. Astrophys J (USA) 358(1, Part I):298–312

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy RJ, Ramaty R, Kozlovsky B, Reames DV (1991) Solar abundances from gamma-ray spectroscopy: comparisons with energetic particle, photospheric, and coronal abundances. Astrophys J (USA) 371(2, Part I):793–803

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy RJ, Share GH, Forrest DJ, Grabelsky DA, Grove JE, Jensen CM, Johnson WN, Jung GV, Kinzer RL, Kroeger RA, Kurfess JD, Matz SM, Purcell WR, Strickman MS, Ulmer MP, Vestrand WT (1993) OSSE observations of the 4 June 1991 solar flare. In: Proceedings of the 23rd international cosmic ray conference, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 1993, Invited, Rapporteur, and Highlight Papers, vol 3, pp 99–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy RJ, Share GH, Grove JE, Johnson WN, Kinzer RL, Kurfess JD, Strickman MS, Jung GV (1997) Accelerated particle composition and energetics and ambient abundances from gamma-ray spectroscopy of the 1991 June 4 solar flare. Astrophys J 490(2):883–900

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy RJ, Share GH, Delsignore KW, Hua X-M (1999) Surprisingly intense neutron emission from a flare behind the limb of the Sun. Astrophys J 510(2):1011–1017, Part 1

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy RJ, Kozlovsky B, Share GH, Hua X-M, Lingenfelter RE (2007) Using gamma-ray and neutron emission to determine solar flare accelerated particle spectra and composition and the conditions within the flare magnetic loop. Astrophys J Suppl Ser 168(1):167–194

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohsawa Y, Sakai J (1987) Nonstochastic prompt proton acceleration by fast magnetosonic shocks in the solar plasma. Astrophys J 313(1):440–448, Part 1

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohyama M, Shibata K (2000) X-ray plasma ejection and magnetic reconnection. Adv Space Res 26(3):461–464

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pakhomov NI, Shapovalova LA, Yanchukovsky AL (1987) Recording of solar flare-produced neutrons at the Sayan spectrographic facility. In: Kocharov G (ed) Processes on the surface and in the interior of the sun, Leningrad, pp 25–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Panasyuk MI, Kuznetsov SN, Lazutin LL, Avdyushin SI, Alexeev II, Ammosov PP, Antonova AE, Baishev DG, Belenkaya ES, Beletsky AB, Belov AV, Benghin VV, Bobrovnikov SY, Bondarenko VA, Boyarchuk KA, Veselovsky IS, Vyushkova TY, Gavrilieva GA, Gaidash SP, Ginzburg EA, Denisov YI, Dmitriev AV, Zherebtsov GA, Zelenyi LM, Ivanov-Kholodny GS, Kalegaev VV, Kanonidi KD, Kleimenova NG, Kozyreva OV, Kolomiitsev OP, Krasheninnikov IA, Krivolutsky AA, Kropotkin AP, Kuminov AA, Leshchenko LN, Mar’in BV, Mitrikas VG, Mikhalev AV, Mullayarov VA, Muravieva EA, Myagkova IN, Petrov VM, Petrukovich AA, Podorolsky AN, Pudovkin MI, Samsonov SN, Sakharov YA, Svidsky PM, Sokolov VD, Soloviev SI, Sosnovets EN, Starkov GV, Starostin LI, Tverskaya LV, Teltsov MV, Troshichev OA, Tsetlin VV, Yushkov BY (2004) Collaboration solar extreme events in 2003 SEE-2003. Magnetic storms in October 2003. Cosmic Res 42(5):489–535

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Prince TA, Forrest DJ, Chupp EL, Kanbach G, Share GH (1983) The time history of 2.22 MeV line emission in solar flares. Proceedings of the 18th international cosmic ray conference, vol 4. Bangalore, pp 79–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyle KR, Simpson JA (1991) Observation of a direct solar neutron event on 22 March 1991 with the Haleakala, Hawaii, neutron monitor. Proceedings of the 22nd international cosmic ray conference, vol 3. Dublin, pp 53–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyle KR, Shea MA, Smart DF (1991) Solar flare generated neutrons observed by neutron monitors on 24 May 1990. Proceedings of the 22nd international cosmic ray conference, vol 3, Dublin, pp 57–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaty R, Murphy RJ (1987) Nuclear processes and accelerated particles in solar flares. Space Sci Rev 45(3–4):213–268

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramaty R, Kozlovsky B, Lingenfelter RE (1975) Solar gamma rays. Space Sci Rev 18(3):341–388

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramaty R, Mandzhavidze N, Kozlovsky B, Murphy RJ (1995) Solar atmospheric abundances and energy content in flare-accelerated ions from gamma-ray spectroscopy. Astrophys J Lett (USA) 455(2, Part 2):L193–L196

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramaty R, Mandzhavidze N, Kozlovsky B (1996) Abundances from solar atmospheric gamma ray spectroscopy. In: Ramaty R, Mandzhavidze N, Hua X-M (eds) High-energy solar physics, Greenbelt, 1995. AIP Conference Proceedings, vol 374. Woodbury, New York, pp 172–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaty R, Mandzhavidze N, Barat C, Trottet G (1997) The giant 1991 June 1 flare: evidence for gamma-ray production in the corona and accelerated heavy ion abundance enhancements from gamma-ray spectroscopy. Astrophys J (USA) 479(1, Part 1):458–463

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reames DV (1995) Coronal abundances determined from energetic particles. Adv Space Res 15(7):41–51

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reames DV (1999) Particle acceleration at the Sun and in the heliosphere. Space Sci Rev 90(3–4):413–491

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sako T, Muraki Y, Yuda T, Matsubara Y, Watanabe K, Hoshida T, Takita M, Tsuchiya H, Ohnishi M, Shiomi A, Katayose Y, Hotta N, Tan YH (2003) Solar neutron event in association with the 24 September 2001 Flare. Proceedings of the 28th international cosmic ray conference, vol 6. Tsukuba, Japan, pp 3175–3178

    Google Scholar 

  • Sako T, Watanabe K, Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Tsujihara H, Yamashita M, Sakai T, Shibata S, Valdes-Galicia JF, Gonzalez LX, Hurtado A, Musalem O, Miranda P, Martinic N, Ticona R, Velarde A, Kakimoto F, Ogio S, Tsunesada Y, Tokuno H, Tanaka YT, Yoshikawa I, Terasawa T, Saito Y, Mukai T, Gros M (2006) Long-lived solar neutron emission in comparison with electron-produced radiation in the 2005 September 7 solar flare. Astrophys J 651(1):L69–L72

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sako T, Watanabe K, Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Sakai T, Shibata S, Kakimoto F, Tsunesada Y, Tokuno H, Ogio S, Valdes-Galicia JF, Gonzalez LX, Hurtado A, Musalem O, Miranda P, Martinic N, Ticona R, Velarde A Emission profile of solar neutrons obtained from the ground-based observations for the 7 September 2005 event. Proceedings of the 30th international cosmic ray conference, vol 1. Merida, Mexico, pp 53–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakurai T (1999) Proceedings of the solar neutron symposium, Nagoya, pp 36–49 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato J, Kosugi T, Makishima K (1999) Improvement of YOHKOH hard X-ray imaging. Publication of the astronomical society of Japan, vol 51. pp 127–150

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato J, Masuda S, Kosugi T, Sakao T (2000) Improvement of Yohkoh HXT imaging and an analysis of the 1997 November 6, X9 flare. Adv Space Res 26(3):501–504

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Share GH, Kurfess JD, Theus RB (1978) Pulse-shape discrimination of high-energy neutrons and gamma rays in NaI(Tl). Nucl Instrum Methods (Netherlands) 148(3):531–533

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Share GH, Murphy RJ, Smith DM, Schwartz RA, Lin RP (2004) RHESSI e+-e- annihilation radiation observations: implications for conditions in the flaring solar chromosphere. Astrophys J Lett (USA) 516(2, part 2):L169–L172

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Shea MA, Smart DF, Flückiger EO (1987) Possible neutron monitor response to solar neutrons in April 1984. Proceedings of the 20th international cosmic ray conference, vol 3. Moscow, pp 86–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea MA, Smart DF, Pyle KR (1991) Direct solar neutrons detected by neutron monitors on 24 May 1990. Geophys Res Lett 18(9):1655–1658

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata S (1994) Propagation of solar neutrons through the atmosphere of the Earth. J Geophys Res 99(4):6651–6665

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata S, Murakami K, Muraki Y (1993) Solar neutron events observed in cycle 22. Proceedings of the 23rd international cosmic ray conference, vol 3. Calgary, pp 95–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Shibata S, Munakata Y, Tatsuoka R, Muraki Y, Masuda K, Matsubara Y, Koi T, Sako T, Murata T, Tsuchiya H, Hatanaka K, Wakasa T, Sakai H, Ishida Y (2001) Detection efficiency of a neutron monitor calibrated by an accelerator neutron beam. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A 463(1–2):316–320

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Smart DF, Shea MA, Flückiger EO, Debrunner H, Humble JE (1990) Were solar neutrons observed by neutron monitors on 1984 April 25? Astrophys J Suppl Ser 73(2):269–272

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Smart DF, Shea MA, O’Bren K (1995) Comment on the minimum mass path of a uni-directional solar neutron particle beam through the Earth atmosphere. Proceedings of the 24-th international cosmic ray conference, vol 4. Rome, pp 171–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoker PH, Krüger H (1990) Solar flare neutrons recorded at Potchefstroom and Tsumeb for the Dec. 16, 1988 solar flare event? Proceedings of the 21st international cosmic ray conference, vol 5. Adelaida, pp 140–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Struminsky A, Matsuoka M, Takahashi K (1994) Evidence of additional production of high-energy neutrons during the solar flare on 1991 June 4. Astrophys J 429(1):400–405, Part 1

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi K (1989) Detection of solar neutrons by ground-based neutron monitor. Space Sci Rev 51(1–2):123–146

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi K, Wada M, Yoshimori M, Kusunose M, Kondo I (1987) Detection of solar neutrons by Tokyo neutron monitor. Proceedings of the 20th international cosmic ray conference, vol 3. Moscow, pp 82–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi K, Sakamoto E, Nishi K, Yamada Y, Shikata T, Wada M, Kusunose M, Yamaguchi E, Yoshimori M, Kondo K, Flückiger OE (1990) Observation of solar neutrons by Mt. Norikura and Tokyo neutron monitors. Proceedings of the 21st international cosmic ray conference, vol 5. Adelaida, pp 136–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi K, Sakamoto E, Matsuoka M, Nishi K, Yamada Y, Shimoda S, Shikata T, Wada M, Kusunose M, Yoshimori M, Kondo I (1991) Observation of solar neutrons by Mt. Norikura neutron monitor during a period of solar cycle 22. Proceedings of the 22nd international cosmic ray conference, vol 3. Dublin, pp 37–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Takakura T, Tsuneta S, Ohki K, Nitta N, Makishima K, Murakami T, Ogawara Y, Oda M, Miyamoto S (1983) Hard x-ray imaging of a solar limb flare with the x-ray telescope aboard the Hinotori satellite. Astrophys J Lett Ed (USA) 270(2):L83–L87

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tatischeff V, Kiener J, Gros M (2005) Physical implications of INTEGRAL/SPI gamma-ray line measurements of the 2003 October 28 solar flare. In: Proceedings of the 5th Rencontres du Vietnam, New Views on the Universe, Hanoi, August 5–11, 2004, pp 1–4. (arXiv:astro-ph/0501121v1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Terasawa T, Tanaka YT, Takei Y, Kawai N, Yoshida A, Nomoto K, Yoshikawa I, Saito Y, Kasaba Y, Takashima T, Mukai T, Noda H, Murakami T, Watanabe K, Muraki Y, Yokoyama T, Hoshino M (2005) Repeated injections of energy in the first 600 ms of the giant flare of SGR 1806-20. Nature 434(7037):1110–1111

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Trottet G, Barat C, Ramaty R, Vilmer N, Dezalay JP, Kuznetsov A, Mandzhavidze N, Sunyaev R, Talon R, Terekhov O (1996) Thin target-ray line production during the 1991 June 1 flare. In: Ramaty R, Mandzhavidze N, Hua X-M (eds) High energy solar physics, Proceedings of the conference held in Greenbelt, Maryland, 1995, AIP conference proceedings, vol 374, issue 1, pp 153–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuchiya H, Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Masuda K, Koi T, Sako T, Okada A, Murata T, Imaida I, Hoshida T, Kato Y, Yuki A, Ohno S, Shibata S, Munakata Y, Tatsuoka R, Hatanaka K, Wakasa T, Sakai H, Nonaka T, Ohnishi T (1999) Detection efficiency of new solar neutron detector. Proceedings of the 26th international cosmic ray conference, vol 7. Salt Lake City, pp 363–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuchiya H, Matsubara Y, Muraki Y, Murakami K, Sako T, Kakimoto F, Ogio S, Tsunesada Y, Tokuno H, Yoshii H, Tajima N, Martinic N, Miranda P, Ticona R, Velarde A (2001a) Observations of neutrons in association with the solar flare of 6 November 1997. Proceedings of the 27th international cosmic ray conference, vol 8. Hamburg, pp 3040–3043

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuchiya H, Hoshida T, Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Masuda K, Yuda T, Ohnishi S, Sasaki T, Shiomi A, Katayose Y, Hotta N, Ozawa S, Tan YH (2001b) Arrival of solar neutrons from large zenith angle. Proceedings of the 27th international cosmic ray conference, vol 8. Hamburg, pp 3056–3059

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuneta S, Naito T (1998) Fermi acceleration at the fast shock in a solar flare and the impulsive loop-top hard X-ray source. Astrophys J 495(1):L67–L70

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Usoskin IG, Kovaltsov GA, Kocharov LG, Kananen H, Tanskanen P (1995) High energy neutrons from the June 15, 1991 solar flare as detected by the neutron monitor. 24th international cosmic ray conference, vol 4. Roma, pp 151–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdes-Galicia JF, Dorman LI, Rodriguez M (2000) Atmospheric refraction of solar neutrons during the event of 24 May 1990. Solar Phys 191(2):409–417

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Valdes-Galicia JF, Muraki Y, Tsujihara H, Sako T, Musalem O, Hurtado A, Gonzalez LX, Matsubara Y, Watanabe K, Hirano N, Tateiwa N, Shibata S, Sakai T (2004) An improved solar neutron telescope installed at a very high altitude in Mexico. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A (Netherlands) 535(3):656–664

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Valdes-Galicia JF, Muraki Y, Watanabe K, Matsubara Y, Sako T, Gonzalez LX, Musalem O, Hurtado A (2009) Solar neutron events as a tool to study particle acceleration at the Sun. Adv Space Res 43:565–572

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Veselovsky IS, Panasyuk MI, Avdyushin SI, Bazilevskaya GA, Belov AV, Bogachev SA, Bogod VM, Bogomolov AV, Bothmer V, Boyarchuk KA, Vashenyuk EV, Vlasov VI, Gnezdilov AA, Gorgutsa RV, Grechnev VV, Denisov YI, Dmitriev AV, Dryer M, Yermolaev YI, Eroshenko EA, Zherebtsov GA, Zhitnik IA, Zhukov AN, Zastenker GN, Zelenyi LM, Zeldovich MA, Ivanov-Kholodnyi GS, Ignat’ev AP, Ishkov VN, Kolomiytsev OP, Krasheninnikov IA, Kudela K, Kuzhevsky BM, Kuzin SV, Kuznetsov VD, Kuznetsov SN, Kurt VG, Lazutin LL, Leshchenko LN, Litvak ML, Logachev YI, Lawrence G, Markeev AK, Makhmutov VS, Mitrofanov AV, Mitrofanov IG, Morozov OV, Myagkova IN, Nusinov AA, Oparin SN, Panasenco OA, Pertsov AA, Petrukovich AA, Podorol’sky AN, Romashets EP, Svertilov SI, Svidsky PM, Svirzhevskaya AK, Svirzhevsky NS, Slemzin VA, Smith Z, Sobel’man II, Sobolev DE, Stozhkov YI, Suvorova AV, Sukhodrev NK, Tindo IP, Tokhchukova SK, Fomichev VV, Chashey IV, Chertok IM, Shishov VI, Yushkov BY, Yakovchouk OS, Yanke VG (2004) Solar and heliospheric phenomena in October–November 2003: causes and effects. Cosmic Res 42(5):435–488

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vestrand WT, Forrest DJ (1993) Evidence for a spatially extended component of gamma rays from solar flares. Astrophys J Lett 409(2):L69–L72

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang HT, Ramaty R (1974) Solar Neutron propagation and 2.2 MeV gamma-ray line production in the solar atmosphere. Solar Phys 36(1):129–137

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang HT, Ramaty R (2000) Solar neutron propagation and 2.2 MeV gamma-ray line production in the solar atmosphere. Solar Phys 36(1):129–137

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe K (2005) Solar neutron events associated with large solar flares in solar cycle 23. Doctoral thesis, Department of Physics, Nagoya University, 1–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe K, Muraki Y, Murakami K, Shibata S, Pyle KR, Mitsui K, Sakai T, Sakakibara S (2003a) Simultaneous observations of solar neutrons in association with a large solar flare on June 6, 1991. Proceedings of the 28th international cosmic ray conference, vol 6. Tsukuba, Japan, pp 3211–3214

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe K, Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Murakami K, Sako T, Tsuchiya H, Masuda S, Yoshimori M, Ohmori N, Miranda P, Martinic N, Ticona R, Velarde A, Kakimoto F, Ogio S, Tsunesada Y, Tokuno H, Shirasaki Y (2003b) Solar neutron event in association with a large solar flare on 2000 November 24. Astrophys J 592(1):590–596, Part 1

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe K, Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Murakami K, Sako T, Tsuchiya H, Masuda S, Yoshimori M, Ohmori N, Miranda P, Martinic N, Ticona R, Velarde A, Kakimoto F, Ogio S, Tsunesada Y, Tokuno H, Shirasaki Y (2003c) Solar neutron event in association with a large solar flare on August 25, 2001. Proceedings of the 28th international cosmic ray conference, vol 6. Tsukuba, Japan, pp 3179–3182

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe K, Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Sako T, Sakai T, Tsuchiya H, Shibata S, Masuda S, Yoshimori M, Ohmori N, Velarde A, Ticona R, Martinic N, Miranda P, Kakimoto F, Ogio S, Tsunesada Y, Tokuno H, Shirasaki Y, Valdes-Galicia JF, Hurtado A, Musalem O, Gonzalez LX, Ogasawara R, Mizumoto Y, Nakagiri M, Miyashita A, Stoker PH, Lopate C, Kudela K, Gros M (2005a) Solar neutron events associated with large solar flares in solar cycle 23. Proceedings of the 29th international cosmic ray conference, vol 1. Pune, India, pp 37–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe K, Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Sako T, Velarde A, Ticona R, Martinic N, Miranda P, Kakimoto F, Ogio S, Tsunesada Y, Tokuno H (2005b) Solar neutron event associated with an X8.3 flare on 2003 November 2. Proceedings of the 29th international cosmic ray conference, vol 1. Pune, India, pp 29–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe K, Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Sako T, Sakai T, Shibata S, Lopate C, Vald’es-Galicia JF, Hurtado A, Musalem O, Gonzalez LX, Ogasawara R, Mizumoto Y, Nakagiri M, Miyashita A, Gros M (2005c) Simultaneous observations of solar neutrons in association with a large solar flare on November 4, 2003. Proceedings of the 29th international cosmic ray conference, vol 1. Pune, India, pp 33–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe K, Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Murakami K, Sako T, Miranda P, Ticona R, Velarde A, Kakimoto F, Ogio S, Tokuno H, Tsuchiya H, Shibata S, Sakai T, Mizumoto Y, Ogasawara R, Nakagiri M, Miyashita A, Lopate C (2006a) Solar neutron events in association with large solar flares in November 2003. Adv Space Res 38(3):425–430

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe K, Gros M, Stoker PH, Kudela K, Lopate C, Valdés-Galicia JF, Hurtado A, Musalem O, Ogasawara R, Mizumoto Y, Nakagiri M, Miyashita A, Matsubara Y, Sako T, Muraki Y, Sakai T, Shibata S (2006b) Solar neutron events of 2003 October–November. Astrophys J 636(2):1135–1144

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe K, Sako T, Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Sakai T, Shibatad S, Valdés-Galicia JF, González LX, Hurtado A, Musalem O, Miranda P, Martinic N, Ticona R, Velarde A, Kakimoto F, Ogio S, Tsunesada Y, Tokuno H, Tanaka YT, Yoshikawa I, Terasawa T, Saito Y, Mukai T, Gros M (2007) Highly significant detection of solar neutrons on 2005 September 7. Adv Space Res 39(9):1462–1466

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe K, Murphy RJ, Muraki Y, Murakami K, Sakakibara S, Shibata S, Mitsui K, Sakai T (2008a) OSSE satellite and neutron monitor observations of solar neutrons in association with 1991 June 4 flare. Proceedings of the 30th international cosmic ray conference, vol 1. Merida, Mexico, pp 37–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe K, Murphy RJ, Share GH, Stoker PH, Lin RP (2008b) Physics of ion acceleration in the solar flare on 2003 October 28 determines gamma-ray and neutron production. Proceedings of the 30th international cosmic ray conference, vol 1. Merida, Mexico, pp 41–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe K, Murphy RJ, Share GH, Hurford GJ, Krucker S, Lin RP, Harris MJ, Gros M, Sako T, Muraki Y, Matsubara Y, Shibata S, Sakai T, Valdés-Galicia JF, González LX, Hurtado A, Musalem O, Velarde A, Ticona R, Martinic N, Miranda PP, Kakimoto F, Tsunesada Y, Tokuno H, Ogio S (2000c) Ion acceleration and neutral emission mechanisms for 2005 September 7 flare. Proceedings of the 30th international cosmic ray conference, vol 1. Merida, Mexico, pp 45–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimori Y (1999) Proceedings of the solar neutron symposium Nagoya, pp 29–35 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimori M, Okudaira K, Hirasima Y, Kondo I (1983) Gamma-ray observations from HINOTORI. Sol Phys 86(1–2) :375–382

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimori M, Takahashi K, Wada M, Kusunose M, Kondo I (1987) Possible solar neutron events recorded by the ground-based neutron monitor. Sol Phys 113(1–2):319–325

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimori M, Suga K, Saita N, Shiozawa A (2000) Yohkoh observation of a gamma-ray flare on November 6, 1997. Adv Space Res 25(9):1801–1804

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimori M, Shiozawa A, Suga K (1999) Photospheric 3He to H abundance ratio derived from gamma-ray line observation. Proceedings of the 26th international cosmic ray conference, vol 6. Salt Lake City, pp 5–8

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tel Aviv University and Israel Space Agency, 2217, Qazrin, 12900, Israel

    Prof. Lev I. Dorman (Head of Israel Cosmic Rays & Space Weather Center and Emilio Ségre Observatory Chief Scientist of Cosmic Ray)

  2. Department of N.V. Pushkov IZMIRAN, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Russia

    Prof. Lev I. Dorman (Head of Israel Cosmic Rays & Space Weather Center and Emilio Ségre Observatory Chief Scientist of Cosmic Ray)

Authors
  1. Prof. Lev I. Dorman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lev I. Dorman .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Netherlands

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dorman, L.I. (2010). Observations of Solar Neutron Events by Ground Based Detectors, and Their Interpretation. In: Solar Neutrons and Related Phenomena. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 365. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3737-4_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation