Abstract
Climate change is defined as the change in the weather pattern of a region. The models which are employed to predict climate change of the future are collectively called as climate models. The present note describes the formation, structures, and working principles of global as well as regional climate models. The note also describes the climate change scenarios that are presently created.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Antoine D, Morel A (1995) Modeling the seasonal course of the upper ocean pCO2 (i): development of a one-dimensional model. Tellus 47B:103–121
Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (2009). Retrieved from http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/projects/amip/index.php
Bacastow R, Maier-Reimer E (1990) Ocean-circulation model of the carbon cycle. Climate Dyn 4:95–125
Bintanja R (1995) The Antarctic ice sheet and climate. Ph.D. thesis, Utrecht University, Utrecht
Boucher O, Lohmann U (1995) The sulfate-CCN-cloud albedo effect: a sensitivity study with two general circulation models. Tellus 47B:281–300
Chin M, Jacob DJ, Gardner GD, Foreman-Fowler MS, Spiro PA (1996) A global three-dimensional model of tropospheric sulfate. J Geophys Res 101:18667–18690
Climate Prediction (2009) Regional Climate Models. Retrieved from http://www.climateprediction.net/content/regional-climate-models on 28 July 2009
Collins M, Tett SFB, Cooper C (2001) The internal climate variability of HadCM3, a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments. Climate Dyn 17:61–81. doi:10.1007/s003820000094
De Wolde JR, Bintanja R, Oerlemans J (1995) On thermal expansion over the last one hundred years. J Climate 8:2881–2891
Dickinson RE, Meleshko V, Randall D, Sarachik E, Silva-Dias P, Slingo A (1996) Climate processes. In: Houghton JT, Filho LGF, Callander BA, Harris N, Kattenberg A, Kattenberg A, Maskell K (eds) Climate change 1995: the science of climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 193–227
Foley JA, Prentice C, Ramankutty N, Levis S, Pollard D, Sitch S, Haxeltine A (1996) An intergrated biosphere model of land surface processes, terrestrial carbon balance, and vegetation dynamics. Global Biogeochem Cycle 10:603–628
Fujihara Y, Tanaka K, Watanabe T, Nagano T, Kojiri T (2008) Assessing the impacts of climate change on the water resources of the Seyhan River Basin in Turkey. J Hydrol 353(1–2):33–48
Gordon C, Cooper C, Senior CA, Banks H, Gregory JM, Johns TC, Mitchell JFB, Wood RA (2000) The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments ([dead link]). Climate Dyn 16:147–168. doi:10.1007/s003820050010. http://www.met-office.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre/models/gordon00/index.html
Gregg WW, Walsh JJ (1992) Simulation of the 1979 spring bloom in the mid-Atlantic bight: a coupled physical/biological model. J Geophys Res 97:5723–5743
Harvey LD (1992) A two-dimensional ocean model for long-tern climate simulations: stability and coupling to atmospheric and sea ice models. J Geophys Res 97:9435–9453
Harvey LDD (2000) Global Warming: The Hard Science. Prentice Hall, Harlow
Haywood JM, Roberts DI, Slingo A, Edwards JM, Shine KP (1997) General circulation model calculations of the direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate and fossil-fuel soot aerosol. J Climate 10:1562–1577
Held 1M, Suarez MJ (1974) Simple albedo feedback models of the icecaps. Tellus 26:613–630
Hotchkiss RH, Jorgensen SF, Stone MC, Fontaine TA (2000) Regulated river modeling for climate change impact assessment: the Missouri river. J Am Water Resour Assoc 36(2):375–386
Hoffert MI, Callegari AJ, Hseih CT (1980) The role of deep sea heat storage in the secular response to climatic forcing. J Geophys Res 85:6667–6679
Hoffert HI, Callegari AJ, Hseih CT (1981) A box-diffusion carbon cycle model with upwelling, polar bottom water formation and a marine biosphere. In: Bolin B (ed) Carbon cycle modeling, SCOPE 16. Wiley, New York, pp 287–305
Huybrechts P, Oerlemans J (1990) Response of the Antartic ice sheet to future greenhouse warming. Climate Dyn 5:93–102
Huybrechts P, Letreguilly A, Rech N (1991) The Greenland ice sheet and greenhouse warming. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 89:399–412
IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007: the physical sciences basis, retrieved on http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html. on 30th April, 2009
Jones A, Slingo A (1996) Predicting cloud-droplet effective radius and indirect sulphate aerosol forcing using a general circulation model. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 122:1573–1595
Ko MKW, Size ND, Wang WC, Shia G, Goldman A, Muecary FJ, Murcaray DG, Rinsland CP (1993) Atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride: sources, sinks, and greenhouse warming. J Geophys Res 98:10499–10507
Kogan ZN, Kogan YL, Lilly DK (1996) Evaluation of sulfate aerosol’s indirect effect in marine stratocumulus clouds using observation-derived cloud climatology. Geophys Res Lett 23:1937–1940
Krishnakumar K (2009) Climate change scenario. Proceeding of NATCOM 2 Workshop, organized by Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune
Lal M, Ramanathan V (1984) The effects of moist convection and water-vapor rediative processes on climate sensitivity. J Atmos Sci 41:2238–2249
Langner J, Rodhe H (1991) A global dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle. J Atmos Chem 13:225–263
Lohmann U, Feichter J (1997) Impact of sulfate aerosols on albedo and lifetime of clouds: a sensitivity study with the ECHAM4 GCM. J Geophys Res 102:13685–13700
Melillo JM, McGuire AD, Kicklighter DW, Moore B III, Vorosmarty CJ, Schloss AL (1993) Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production. Nature 363:234–240
Merritt WS, Alila Y, Barton M, Taylor B, Cohen S (2006) Hydrologic response to scenarios of climate change in sub watersheds of the Okanagan basin, British. J Hydrol 326:79–108
Mendoza VM, Villanueva EE, Garduño R, Nava Y, Santisteban G, Mendoza AS, Oda B, Adem J (2008) Thermo-hydrological modelling of the climate change effect on water availability in two hydrologic regions of Mexico. Royal Meteorol Soc 29(8):1131–1153
Muluye GY, Coulibaly P (2007) Seasonal reservoir inflow forecasting with low-frequency climatic indices: a comparison of data-driven methods. Hydrol Sci J 52(3):508–522
Najjar RG, Sarmiento JL, Toggweiler JR (1992) Downward transport and fate of organic matter in the ocean: simulations with a general circulation model. Global Biogeochem Cycle 6:45–76
Osborn TJ, Wigley TML (1994) A simple model for estimating methane concentrations and lifetime variations. Climate Dyn 9:181–193
Oschlies A, Garcon V (1999) An eddy-permitting coupled physical-biological model of the North Atlantic, 1, sensitivity to physics and numerics. Global Biogeochem Cycle 13:135–160
Oschlies A, Koeve W, Garcon V (2000) An eddypermitting coupled physical model of the North Atlantic 2. Ecosystem dynamics and comparison with satellite and JGOFS local studies data. Global Biogeochem Cycle 14:499–523
Peng L, Chou M-D, Arking A (1982) Climate studies with a multi-layer energy balance model. Part I: model description and sensitivity to the solar constant. J Atmos Sci 39:2639–2656
Pham M, Muller J-F, Brasseur GP, Granier C, Megie G (1996) A 3D model study of the global sulphur cycle: contributions of anthropogenic and biogenic sources. Atmos Environ 30:1815–1822
Plochl M, Cramer W (1995) Coupling global models of vegetation structure and ecosystem processes. Tellus 47B:240–250
Pope VD, Gallani ML, Rowntree PR, Stratton RA (2000) The impact of new physical parameterizations in the Hadley centre climate model – HadAM3” ([dead link]). Climate Dyn 16:123–146. doi:10.1007/s003820050009. http://www.met-office.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre/models/pope00/index.html
Prather M, Ibrahim AM, Sasaki T, Stordal F (1992) Future chlorine-bromine loading and ozone depletion in United Nations Environment Programme Staff (eds) Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1991. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva
Rastetter EB, McKane RB, Shaver GR, Melillo JM (1992) Changes in C storage by terrestrial ecosystems: how C-N interactions restrict responses to CO2 and temperature. Water Air Soil Pollut 64:327–344
Roth D (2006) Hydrometeorological prediction center. Unified Surface Analysis Manual. Retrieved on 2006-10-24
Sarmiento JL, Slater RD, Fasham MJR, Ducklow HW, Toggweiler JR, Evans GT (1993) A seasonal three-dimensional ecosystem model of nitrogen cycling in the North Atlantic euphotic zone. Global Biogeochem Cycle 7:417–450
Stewart P, Le CF, Vemuri SR (2006) (Anticipated) Climate change impacts on Australia. Int J Ecol Dev 4(W06)
Stocker TF, Broecker WS, Wright DG (1994) Carbon uptake experiment with a zonally averaged global ocean circulation model. Tellus 46B:103–122
Trenberth KE (ed) (1992) Climate system modeling. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
UniSci (2001) Climate model will be first to use a geodesic grid. Retrieved from http://www.unisci.com/stories/20013/0924011.htm on 30 July 2009
Van Minnen JG, Goldewijk KK, Leemans R (1996) The importance of feedback processes and vegetation transition in the terrestrial carbon cycle. J Biogeogr 22:805–814
Members VEMAP (1995) Vegetation ecosystem modeling and analysis project: comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and CO2 doubling. Global Biogeochem Cycle 9:407–437
Verbitsky M, Saltzman B (1995) Behaviour of the Esat Antractic ice sheet as deduced from a coupled GCM/Ice-sheet models. Geophys Res Lett 22:2913–2916
Wang C, Prinn RG, Sokolov A (1998) A global interactive chemistry and climate model: formulation and testing. J Geophys Res 103:3399–3417
Wright DG, Stocker TK (1991) A zonally averaged ocean model for the themohaline circulation, I. Model development and flow dynamics. J Phys Oceanogr 21:1713–1724
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to state that the above article is only for education purpose. The concepts are well discussed in different literatures. The reason for addition was merely to educate readers about development of climate models.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Majumder, M. (2010). Introduction to Climate Change and Climate Models. In: Jana, B., Majumder, M. (eds) Impact of Climate Change on Natural Resource Management. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3581-3_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3581-3_23
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-3580-6
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-3581-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)