Skip to main content

Controlling Chemotherapy-Related Side Effects with Chinese Medicine

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Chemotherapy remains a mainstream treatment for patients with advanced malignant tumours that are incurable by either local surgery or radiotherapy, but the success of chemotherapy is often limited by the occurrence of side effects. Some chemotherapy-induced side effects may be mitigated by conventional medicine, but a holistic approach cannot be accomplished. Realizing that Western medicine has limitations for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease, consumers and researchers in the US are paying more attention to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), especially herbal medicine, as a way to counter such limitations. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) represents the well-documented type of herbal medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine is widely used by cancer patients in Asia as a way to reduce chemotherapy-induced side effects or control cancer progression, but TCM may also enhance the anticancer activity of chemotherapy. The major challenges facing acceptance of traditional Chinese medicine in non-Asian countries lie in the areas of manufacturing, preclinical and clinical studies, regulatory approval, education and legislation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • A phase I/II clinical trial assessing safety and efficacy of BZL101 for metastatic breast cancer. Clinical Trials Gov Identifier: NCT00454532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong TS, Gilbert MR. Use of complementary and alternative medical therapy by patients with primary brain tumors. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2008;8:264–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Attele AS, Wu JA, Yuan CS. Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999;58:1685–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Auyeung KK, Cho CH, Ko JK. A novel anticancer effect of astragalus saponins: transcriptional activation of NSAID-activated gene. Int J Cancer. 2009;125:1082–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Sela G, Tsalic M, Fried G et al. Wheat grass juice may improve hematological toxicity related to chemotherapy in breast cancer patients: a pilot study. Nutr Cancer. 2007;58:43–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barton DL, Soori GS, Bauer BA et al. Pilot study of Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) to improve cancer-related fatigue: a randomized, double-blind, dose-finding evaluation: NCCTG trial N03CA. Support Care Cancer. 2009. doi:10.1007/s00520-009-0642-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boh B, Berovic M, Zhang J. Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds. Biotechnol Annu Rev. 2007;13:265–301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calabresi P, Chabner BA. Chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases. In: Goodman and Gilman, editors. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 9th ed. Section X. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996. pp. 1225–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi SW, Cho EH, Chi SY. Ginsenosides activate DNA polymerase from bovine placenta. Life Sci. 1995;57:1359–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho WC, Leung KN. In vitro and in vivo anti-tumor effects of Astragalus membranaceus. Cancer Lett. 2007;252:43–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Combination chemotherapy after surgery with or without Chinese herbal therapy to treat symptoms in women with breast cancer. Clinical Trials Gov Identifier: NCT00028964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cui R, He J, Wang B et al. Suppressive effect of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge on chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2003;51:75–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De la Taille A, Hayek OR, Burchardt M et al. Role of herbal compounds (PC-SPES) in hormone-refractory prostate cancer: two case reports. J Altern Complement Med. 2000;6:449–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De la Taille A, Hayek OR, Buttyan R et al. Effects of a phytherapeutic agent, PC-SPES, on prostate cancer: a preliminary investigation on human cell lines and patients. BJU Int. 1999;84: 845–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiPaola RS, Zhang H, Lambert GH et al. Clinical and biologic activity of an estrogenic herbal combination (PC-SPES) in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:785–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL et al. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990–1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA. 1998;280:1569–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell MP, Kummar S. Phase I/IIA randomized study of PHY906, a novel herbal agent, as a modulator of chemotherapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2003;2:253–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fishbein AB, Wang CZ, Li XL et al. Asian ginseng enhances the anti-proliferative effect of 5-fluorouracil on human colorectal cancer: comparison between white and red ginseng. Arch Pharm Res. 2009;32:505–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forman WB. The role of chemotherapy and adjuvant therapy in the management of colorectal cancer. Cancer. 1994;74:2151–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gardiner P, Graham R, Legedza AT et al. Factors associated with herbal therapy use by adults in the United States. Altern Ther Health Med. 2007;13:22–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillis NC. Panax ginseng pharmacology: a nitric oxide link? Biochem Pharmacol. 1997;54:1–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ginger in treating nausea in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer. Clinical Trials Gov Identifier: NCT00040742.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbal therapy in treating women with metastatic breast cancer. Clinical Trials Gov Identifier: NCT00028977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoimes CJ, Lamb L, Ruta S et al. A phase I/II study of PHY906 plus capecitabine (CAP) in patients (pts) with advanced pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;20:15538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang KC. The pharmacology of Chinese herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito I, Mukai M, Ninomiya H et al. Comparison between intravenous and oral postoperative adjuvant immunochemotherapy in patients with stage III colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep. 2008;20:1521–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kan WL, Cho CH, Rudd JA et al. Study of the anti-proliferative effects and synergy of phthalides from Angelica sinensis on colon cancer cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;120:36–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kellis JT, Vickery LE. Inhibition of human oestrogen synthetase (aromatase) by flavones. Science. 1984;225:1032–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim YS, Kim DS, Kim SI. Ginsenoside Rh2 and Rh3 induce differentiation of HL-60 cells into granulocytes: modulation of protein kinase C isoforms during differentiation by ginsenoside Rh2. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 1998;30:327–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konkimalla VB, Efferth T. Evidence-based Chinese medicine for cancer therapy. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116:207–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kummar S, Copur MS, Rose M et al. A phase I study of the Chinese herbal medicine PHY906 as a modulator of irinotecan-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. 2009;submitted.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larimore WL, O’Mathuna DP. Quality assessment programs for dietary supplements. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37:893–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lersch C, Zeuner M, Bauer A et al. Nonspecific immunostimulation with low doses of cyclophosphamide (LDCY), thymostimulin, and Echinacea purpurea extracts (echinacin) in patients with far advanced colorectal cancers: preliminary results. Cancer Invest. 1992;10:343–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, He D, Zhang L et al. A novel antioxidant agent, astragalosides, prevents shock wave-induced renal oxidative injury in rabbits. Urol Res. 2006;34:277–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu SH, Jiang Z, Cheng YC. Botanical activity relationship in traditional Chinese medicine: studies of PHY906 as an adjuvant therapy with cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2002;43:961, 4758.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu SH, Jiang Z, Gao W et al. PHY906, a Chinese herbal formulation enhances the therapeutic effect of cancer chemotherapy in human colorectal and liver cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;864.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu SH, Jiang Z, Liddil J et al. Prevention of CPT-11 induced toxicity by a Chinese medicinal formulation, PHY-906. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2000;41:410, 2608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu SH, Su T, Jiang Z et al. Developing TCM as FDA approved botanical drugs. Proceedings of 2004 SATEC meeting.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahajna J, Dotan N, Zaidman BZ et al. Pharmacological values of medicinal mushrooms for prostate cancer therapy: the case of Ganoderma lucidum. Nutr Cancer. 2009;61:16–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus DM, Grollman AP. Botanical medicines – the need for new regulations. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:2073–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayeaux EJ, Jr, Dunton C. Modern management of external genital warts. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2008;12:185–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JP, Gillatt DA. PC-SPES: a herbal therapy for the treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2002;5:13–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monro JA. Treatment of cancer with mushroom products. Arch Environ Health. 2003;58:533–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ota T, Fujikawa-Yamamoto K, Zong ZP et al. Plant-glycoside modulation of cell surface related to control of differentiation in cultured B16 melanoma cells. Cancer Res. 1987;47:3863–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quimby EL. The use of herbal therapies in pediatric oncology patients: treating symptoms of cancer and side effects of standard therapies. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2007;24:35–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ragupathi G, Yeung KS, Leung PC et al. Evaluation of widely consumed botanicals as immunological adjuvants. Vaccine. 2008;26:4860–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhode J, Fogoros S, Zick S et al. Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007;7:44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Safety and exploratory efficacy of Kanglaite injection in pancreatic cancer. Clinical Trials Gov Identifier: NCT00733850.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagar SM, Wong RK. Chinese medicine and biomodulation in cancer patients – part one. Curr Oncol. 2008;15:42–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saif MW. Is there a standard of care for the management of advanced pancreatic cancer? Highlights from the Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium, Orlando, FL, USA, January 25–27, 2008. JOP 2008;9:91–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saif MW, Lansigan F, Ruta S et al. Phase I study of the botanical formulation PHY906 with capecitabine in advanced pancreatic and gastrointestinal malignancies. Phytomedicine. 2009a. in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saif MW, Li J, Lamb L et al. A phase II study of capecitabine (CAP) plus PHY906 in pts with advanced pancreatic cancer (APC) proc. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009b; e15508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saltz LB, Cox JV, Blanke C et al. Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:905–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu DS, Tharayil VS, Lai JP et al. Treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;2:81–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shu X, McCulloch M, Xiao H et al. Chinese herbal medicine and chemotherapy in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Integr Cancer Ther. 2005;4:219–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Small EJ, Frohlich MW, Bok R et al. Prospective trial of the herbal supplement PC-SPES in patients with progressive prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:3595–603.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sovak M, Seligson AL, Konas M et al. Herbal composition PC-SPES for management of prostate cancer: identification of active principles. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94:1275–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun AS, Ostadal O, Ryznar V et al. Phase I/II study of stage III and IV non-small cell lung cancer patients taking a specific dietary supplement. Nutr Cancer. 1999;34:62–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun AS, Yeh HC, Wang LH et al. Pilot study of a specific dietary supplement in tumor-bearing mice and in stage IIIB and IV non-small cell lung cancer patients. Nutr Cancer. 2001;39:85–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tindle HA, Davis RB, Phillips RS et al. Trends in use of complementary and alternative medicine by US adults: 1997–2002. Altern Ther Health Med. 2005;11:42–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai NM, Chen YL, Lee CC et al. The natural compound n-butylidenephthalide derived from Angelica sinensis inhibits malignant brain tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. J Neurochem. 2006;99(4):1251–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wani MC, Taylor HL, Wall ME et al. Plant antitumor agents. VI. The isolation and structure of taxol, a novel antileukemic and antitumor agent from Taxus brevifolia. J Am Chem Soc. 1971;93:2325–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weng CJ, Chau CF, Hsieh YS et al. Lucidenic acid inhibits PMA-induced invasion of human hepatoma cells through inactivating MAPK/ERK signal transduction pathway and reducing binding activities of NF-kappaB and AP-1. Carcinogenesis. 2008;29:147–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White J. PC-SPES-A lesson for future dietary supplement research. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94:1261–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong R, Sagar CM, Sagar SM. Integration of Chinese medicine into supportive cancer care: a modern role for an ancient tradition. Cancer Treat Rev. 2001;27:235–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu T, Munro AJ, Guanjian L et al. Chinese medical herbs for chemotherapy side effects in colorectal cancer patients. In: The cochrane collaboration. New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu T, Munro AJ, Liu G. Chinese medical herbs for chemotherapy side effects in colorectal cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;1:CD004540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie CH, Zhang MS, Zhou YF et al. Chinese medicine Angelica sinensis suppresses radiation-induced expression of TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1 in mice. Oncol Rep. 2006;15:1429–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang C, Chien LY, Tai CJ. Use of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with cancer receiving outpatient chemotherapy in Taiwan. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14:413–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ye M, Liu SH, Jiang Z et al. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of PHY906, a Chinese medicine formulation for cancer therapy. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2007;21:3593–607.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yen Y, So S, Rose M et al. Phase I/II study of capecitabine and PHY906 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;4610.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yen Y, So S, Rose M et al. Phase I/II study of PHY906/capecitabine in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2009;29:4083–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuen JW, Gohel MD. Anticancer effects of Ganoderma lucidum: a review of scientific evidence. Nutr Cancer. 2005;53:11–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yun TK, Choi SY. Preventive effect of ginseng intake against various human cancers: a case study on 1987 pairs. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1995;4:401–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou X, Lin J, Yin Y. Ganodermataceae: natural products and their related pharmacological functions. Am J Chin Med. 2007;35:559–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhuang SR, Chen SL, Tsai JH et al. Effect of citronellol and the Chinese medical herb complex on cellular immunity of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy/radiotherapy. Phytother Res. 2009;23:785–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge Dr Gerald Crabtree for his critical reading of this chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Muhammad W. Saif .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Liu, SH., Cheng, YC., Saif, M.W. (2010). Controlling Chemotherapy-Related Side Effects with Chinese Medicine. In: Cho, W. (eds) Supportive Cancer Care with Chinese Medicine. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3555-4_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics