Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Purinergic and Pyriminergic Activation of the Endothelium in Regulation of Tissue Perfusion

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Extracellular ATP and Adenosine as Regulators of Endothelial Cell Function

Abstract

The nucleotides ATP, ADP, UTP and UDP acting on P2 receptors stimulate endothelium dependent dilatation mediated via nitric oxide, endothelium derived hyperpolarising factors, and prostacyclins (to a lesser extent). They are crucial for shear stress-mediated increases in blood flow and for the increase of tissue perfusion during exercise and hypoxia. The endothelium can also release potent contractile tetraphosphate nucleotides (AP4A and UP4A). The purinergic signaling has been implicated in blood pressure regulation, development of myocardial infarction, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, circulatory shock and regulation of blood flow in most organs of the body. Purinergic and pyriminergic endothelium-mediated effects are important for physiological and patophysiological regulation of tissue perfusion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bar I, Guns PJ, Metallo J, Cammarata D, Wilkin F, Boeynams JM, Bult H, Robaye B. (2008) Knockout mice reveal a role for P2Y6 receptor in macrophages, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Pharmacol 74:777–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bergfeld GR, Forrester T. (1992) Release of ATP from human erythrocytes in response to a brief period of hypoxia and hypercapnia. Cardiovasc Res 26:40–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bodin P, Bailey D, Burnstock G. (1991) Increased flow-induced ATP release from isolated vascular endothelial cells but not smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 103:1203–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bodin P, Burnstock G. (1996) ATP-stimulated release of ATP by human endothelial cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 27:872–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Boehm S, Huck S. (1997) Receptors controlling transmitter release from sympathetic neurons in vitro. Progress in Neurobiology 51:225–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Boeynaems JM, Galand N. (1983) Stimulation of vascular prostacyclin synthesis by extracellular ADP and ATP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 112:290–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Brock JA, Van Helden DF. (1995) Enhanced excitatory junction potentials in mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pflugers Arch 430:901–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Brook MM, Fineman JR, Bolinger AM, Wong AF, Heymann MA, Soifer SJ. (1994) Use of ATP-MgCl2 in the evaluation and treatment of children with pulmonary hypertension secondary to congenital heart defects. Circulation 90:1287–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Burnstock G. (1972) Purinergic nerves. Pharmacological Reviews 24:509–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Burnstock G. (1976) Do some nerve cells release more than one transmitter? Neuroscience 1:239–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Burnstock G. (1978) A basis for distinguishing two types of purinergic receptor. In: Cell membrane receptors for drugs and hormones: A multidiciplinary approach. New York, Raven press.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Burnstock G. (1987) Local control of blood pressure by purines. Blood Vessels 24:156–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Burnstock G. (1988) Local purinergic regulation of blood pressure (The First John T. Shepherd Lecture). In: Vasodilatation: Vascular Smooth Muscle, Peptides, Autonomic Nerves, and Endothelium. New York, Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Burnstock G. (1988) Sympathetic purinergic transmission in small blood vessels. Trends Pharmacol Sci 9:116–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Burnstock G. (1990) Local mechanisms of blood flow control by perivascular nerves and endothelium. J Hypertens Suppl 8:S95–S106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Burnstock G. (1997) The past, present and future of purine nucleotides as signalling molecules. Neuropharmacology 36:1127–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Burnstock G. (1999) Release of vasoactive substances from endothelial cells by shear stress and purinergic mechanosensory transduction. J Anat 194 (Pt 3):335–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Burnstock G. (2002) Purinergic signalling and vascular cell proliferation and death. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis Vasc Biol 22:364–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Burnstock G. (2004) Introduction: P2 receptors. Curr Top Med Chem 4:793–803.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Burnstock G, Kennedy C. (1986) A dual function for adenosine 5ʹ-triphosphate in the regulation of vascular tone. Excitatory cotransmitter with noradrenaline from perivascular nerves and locally released inhibitory intravascular agent. Circul Res 58:319–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Collins DM, McCullough WT, Ellsworth ML. (1998) Conducted vascular responses: communication across the capillary bed. Microvasc Res 56:43–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Cosby K, Partovi KS, Crawford JH, Patel RP, Reiter CD, Martyr S, Yang BK, Waclawiw MA, Zalos G, Xu X, Huang KT, Shields H, Kim-Shapiro DB, Schechter AN, Cannon RO, 3rd, Gladwin MT. (2003) Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation. Nat Med 9:1498–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cunha R. (2001) Adenosine as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic regulator in the nervous system: different roles, different sources and different receptors. Neurochem Int 38:107–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. De Mey JG, Vanhoutte PM. (1981) Role of the intima in cholinergic and purinergic relaxation of isolated canine femoral arteries. J Physiol 316:347–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Drury AN, Szent-Gyorgyi A. (1929) The physiological activity of adenine compounds with especial reference to their action upon the mammalian heart. J Physiol 68:213–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ellsworth ML, Forrester T, Ellis CG, Dietrich HH. (1995) The erythrocyte as a regulator of vascular tone. Am J Physiol 269:H2155–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Erlinge D. (1998) Extracellular ATP: a growth factor for vascular smooth muscle cells. Gen Pharmacol 31:1–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Fernandez O, Wangensteen R, Osuna A, Vargas F. (2000) Renal vascular reactivity to P(2)-purinoceptor activation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pharmacology 60:47–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Galligan JJ, Hess MC, Miller SB, Fink GD. (2001) Differential localization of P2 receptor subtypes in mesenteric arteries and veins of normotensive and hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 296:478–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gordon JL. (1986) Extracellular ATP: effects, sources and fate. Biochem J 233:309–19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Greenberg B, Rhoden K, Barnes PJ. (1987) Endothelium-dependent relaxation of human pulmonary arteries. Am J Physiol 252:H434–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gui Y, Walsh MP, Jankowski V, Jankowski J, Zheng XL. (2008) Up4A stimulates endothelium-independent contraction of isolated rat pulmonary artery. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 294:L733–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Guns PJ, Korda A, Crauwels HM, Van Assche T, Robaye B, Boeynaems JM, Bult H. (2005) Pharmacological characterization of nucleotide P2Y receptors on endothelial cells of the mouse aorta. Br J Pharmacol 146:288–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hollah P, Hausberg M, Kosch M, Barenbrock M, Letzel M, Schlatter E, Rahn KH. (2001) A novel assay for determination of diadenosine polyphosphates in human platelets: studies in normotensive subjects and in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 19:237–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hrafnkelsdottir T, Erlinge D, Jern S. (2001) Extracellular nucleotides ATP and UTP induce a marked acute release of tissue-type plasminogen activator in vivo in man. Thromb Haemost 85:875–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Imai M, Takigami K, Guckelberger O, Kaczmarek E, Csizmadia E, Bach FH, Robson SC. (2000) Recombinant adenoviral mediated CD39 gene transfer prolongs cardiac xenograft survival. Transplantation 70:864–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Jankowski V, Tolle M, Vanholder R, Schonfelder G, van der Giet M, Henning L, Schluter H, Paul M, Zidek W, Jankowski J. (2005) Uridine adenosine tetraphosphate: a novel endothelium- derived vasoconstrictive factor. Nat Med 11:223–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Kaczmarek E, Koziak K, Sevigny J, Siegel JB, Anrather J, Beaudoin AR, Bach FH, Robson SC. (1996) Identification and characterization of CD39/vascular ATP diphosphohydrolase. J Biol Chem 271:33116–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kalinowski L, Dobrucki LW, Szczepanska-Konkel M, Jankowski M, Martyniec L, Angielski S, Malinski T. (2003) Third-generation beta-blockers stimulate nitric oxide release from endothelial cells through ATP efflux: a novel mechanism for antihypertensive action. Circulation 107:2747–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Koyamada N, Miyatake T, Candinas D, Hechenleitner P, Siegel J, Hancock WW, Bach FH, Robson SC. (1996) Apyrase administration prolongs discordant xenograft survival. Transplantation 62:1739–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Liu C, Mather S, Huang Y, Garland CJ, Yao X. (2004) Extracellular ATP facilitates flow-induced vasodilatation in rat small mesenteric arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 286:H1688–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Malmsjo M, Bergdahl A, Zhao XH, Sun XY, Hedner T, Edvinsson L, Erlinge D. (1999) Enhanced acetylcholine and P2Y-receptor stimulated vascular EDHF-dilatation in congestive heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 43:200–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Malmsjo M, Chu ZM, Croft K, Erlinge D, Edvinsson L, Beilin LJ. (2002) P2Y receptor-induced EDHF vasodilatation is of primary importance for the regulation of perfusion pressure in the peripheral circulation of the rat. Acta Physiol Scand 174:301–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Malmsjo M, Edvinsson L, Erlinge D. (1998) P2U-receptor mediated endothelium-dependent but nitric oxide-independent vascular relaxation. Br J Pharmacol 123:719–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Malmsjo M, Erlinge D, Hogestatt ED, Zygmunt PM. (1999) Endothelial P2Y receptors induce hyperpolarisation of vascular smooth muscle by release of endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor. Eur J Pharmacol 364:169–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. McMahon TJ, Moon RE, Luschinger BP, Carraway MS, Stone AE, Stolp BW, Gow AJ, Pawloski JR, Watke P, Singel DJ, Piantadosi CA, Stamler JS. (2002) Nitric oxide in the human respiratory cycle. Nat Med 8:711–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Mistry H, Gitlin JM, Mitchell JA, Hiley CR. (2003) Endothelium-dependent relaxation and endothelial hyperpolarization by P2Y receptor agonists in rat-isolated mesenteric artery. Br J Pharmacol 139:661–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Olivecrona GK, Gotberg, M., Harnek, J., Wang, L., Jacobson, K. A. & Erlinge, D. (2006) Coronary artery reperfusion: The ADP receptor P2Y1 mediates early reactive hyperemia in vivo in pigs. Purinergic Signalling 1:59–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Olsson RA, Pearson JD. (1990) Cardiovascular purinoceptors. Physiol Rev 70:761–845.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Plank M, Wall D, David T. (2006) Atherosclerosis and calcium signalling in endothelial cells. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 91:287–313.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ralevic V, Burnstock G. (1991) Roles of P2-purinoceptors in the cardiovascular system. Circulation 84:1–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ralevic V, Burnstock G. (1998) Receptors for purines and pyrimidines. Pharmacol Rev 50:413–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Roberts VH, Webster RP, Brockman DE, Pitzer BA, Myatt L. (2006) Post-Translational Modifications of the P2X(4) Purinergic Receptor Subtype in the Human Placenta are Altered in Preeclampsia. Placenta.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Robson SC, Kaczmarek E, Siegel JB, Candinas D, Koziak K, Millan M, Hancock WW, Bach FH. (1997) Loss of ATP diphosphohydrolase activity with endothelial cell activation. J Exp Med 185:153–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Rosenmeier JB, Hansen J, Gonzalez-Alonso J. (2004) Circulating ATP-induced vasodilatation overrides sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 558: 351–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Rosenmeier JB, Yegutkin GG, Gonzalez-Alonso J. (2008) Activation of ATP/UTP-selective receptors increases blood flow and blunts sympathetic vasoconstriction in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 586:4993–5002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Saito D, Steinhart CR, Nixon DG, Olsson RA. (1981) Intracoronary adenosine deaminase reduces canine myocardial reactive hyperemia. Circ Res 49:1262–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Schluter H, Offers E, Bruggemann G, van der Giet M, Tepel M, Nordhoff E, Karas M, Spieker C, Witzel H, Zidek W. (1994) Diadenosine phosphates and the physiological control of blood pressure. Nature 367:186–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Skals M, Jorgensen NR, Leipziger J, Praetorius HA. (2009) Alpha-hemolysin from Escherichia coli uses endogenous amplification through P2X receptor activation to induce hemolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:4030–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Sluyter R, Shemon AN, Barden JA, Wiley JS. (2004) Extracellular ATP increases cation fluxes in human erythrocytes by activation of the P2X7 receptor. J Biol Chem 279:44749–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Smits P, Williams SB, Lipson DE, Banitt P, Rongen GA, Creager MA. (1995) Endothelial release of nitric oxide contributes to the vasodilator effect of adenosine in humans. Circulation 92:2135–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Sprague RS, Ellsworth ML, Stephenson AH, Lonigro AJ. (2001) Participation of cAMP in a signal-transduction pathway relating erythrocyte deformation to ATP release. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1158–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Sprague RS, Olearczyk JJ, Spence DM, Stephenson AH, Sprung RW, Lonigro AJ. (2003) Extracellular ATP signaling in the rabbit lung: erythrocytes as determinants of vascular resistance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285:H693–700.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Sprague RS, Stephenson AH, Ellsworth ML, Keller C, Lonigro AJ. (2001) Impaired release of ATP from red blood cells of humans with primary pulmonary hypertension. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 226:434–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Tanneur V, Duranton C, Brand VB, Sandu CD, Akkaya C, Kasinathan RS, Gachet C, Sluyter R, Barden JA, Wiley JS, Lang F, Huber SM. (2006) Purinoceptors are involved in the induction of an osmolyte permeability in malaria-infected and oxidized human erythrocytes. Faseb J 20:133–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Todorov LD, Mihaylova-Todorova S, Westfall TD, Sneddon P, Kennedy C, Bjur RA, Westfall DP. (1997) Neuronal release of soluble nucleotidases and their role in neurotransmitter inactivation. Nature 387:76–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Tolle M, Jankowski V, Schuchardt M, Wiedon A, Huang T, Hub F, Kowalska J, Jemielity J, Guranowski A, Loddenkemper C, Zidek W, Jankowski J, van der Giet M. (2008) Adenosine 5ʹ-tetraphosphate is a highly potent purinergic endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor. Circ Res 103:1100–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Touchman JW, Anikster Y, Dietrich NL, Maduro VV, McDowell G, Shotelersuk V, Bouffard GG, Beckstrom-Sternberg SM, Gahl WA, Green ED. (2000) The genomic region encompassing the nephropathic cystinosis gene (CTNS): complete sequencing of a 200-kb segment and discovery of a novel gene within the common cystinosis-causing deletion. Genome Res 10:165–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Trams EJ KH, Burnstock GG. (1980) A proposal for the role of ecto-enzymes and adenylates in traumatic shock. J Theor Biol 87:609–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Vassort G. (2001) Adenosine 5ʹ-triphosphate: a P2-purinergic agonist in the myocardium. Physiol Rev 81:767–806.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Vidal M, Hicks PE, Langer SZ. (1986) Differential effects of alpha-beta-methylene ATP on responses to nerve stimulation in SHR and WKY tail arteries. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 332:384–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Wang L, Karlsson L, Moses S, Hultgardh-Nilsson A, Andersson M, Borna C, Gudbjartsson T, Jern S, Erlinge D. (2002) P2 receptor expression profiles in human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 40:841–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Wang L, Olivecrona G, Gotberg M, Olsson ML, Winzell MS, Erlinge D. (2005) ADP acting on P2Y13 receptors is a negative feedback pathway for ATP release from human red blood cells. Circ Res 96:189–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Wihlborg AK, Malmsjo M, Eyjolfsson A, Gustafsson R, Jacobson K, Erlinge D. (2003) Extracellular nucleotides induce vasodilatation in human arteries via prostaglandins, nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor. Br J Pharmacol 138:1451–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Winter P, Dora KA. (2007) Spreading dilatation to luminal perfusion of ATP and UTP in rat isolated small mesenteric arteries. J Physiol 582:335–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Yamamoto K, Korenaga R, Kamiya A, Ando J. (2000) Fluid shear stress activates Ca(2+) influx into human endothelial cells via P2X4 purinoceptors. Circ Res 87:385–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Yamamoto K, Korenaga R, Kamiya A, Qi Z, Sokabe M, Ando J. (2000) P2X(4) receptors mediate ATP-induced calcium influx in human vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 279:H285–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Yamamoto K, Shimizu N, Obi S, Kumagaya S, Taketani Y, Kamiya A, Ando J. (2007) Involvement of cell surface ATP synthase in flow-induced ATP release by vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293:H1646–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Yamamoto K, Sokabe T, Matsumoto T, Yoshimura K, Shibata M, Ohura N, Fukuda T, Sato T, Sekine K, Kato S, Isshiki M, Fujita T, Kobayashi M, Kawamura K, Masuda H, Kamiya A, Ando J. (2006) Impaired flow-dependent control of vascular tone and remodeling in P2X4-deficient mice. Nat Med 12:133–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Yang D, Gluais P, Zhang JN, Vanhoutte PM, Feletou M. (2004) Endothelium-dependent contractions to acetylcholine, ATP and the calcium ionophore A 23187 in aortas from spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 18:321–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Yegutkin G, Bodin P, Burnstock G. (2000) Effect of shear stress on the release of soluble ecto-enzymes ATPase and 5ʹ-nucleotidase along with endogenous ATP from vascular endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 129:921–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Yegutkin GG, Samburski SS, Mortensen SP, Jalkanen S, Gonzalez-Alonso J. (2007) Intravascular ADP and soluble nucleotidases contribute to acute prothrombotic state during vigorous exercise in humans. J Physiol 579:553–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Zimmermann H. (2006) Ectonucleotidases in the nervous system. Novartis Found Symp 276:113–28; discussion 28–30, 233–7, 75–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, Lund University Hospital, SE-22185, Lund, Sweden

    David Erlinge

Authors
  1. David Erlinge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David Erlinge .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinical Services, University of Colorado, Denver, East 19th Avenue 12700, Aurora, 80045, USA

    Evgenia Gerasimovskaya

  2. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Brookline Ave. 99, Boston, 02215, USA

    Elzbieta Kaczmarek

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Erlinge, D. (2010). Purinergic and Pyriminergic Activation of the Endothelium in Regulation of Tissue Perfusion. In: Gerasimovskaya, E., Kaczmarek, E. (eds) Extracellular ATP and Adenosine as Regulators of Endothelial Cell Function. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3435-9_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation