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Perspectives of Stem Cells pp 115–134Cite as

Neurotransmitters as Main Players in the Neural Differentiation and Fate Determination Game

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Abstract

The wide phenotypic variety of individual cells in the CNS and the enormous complexity of the network formed between these cells results from specific development programs which direct differentiation of stem and progenitor cells into numerous types of neurons as well as into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. It is believed that in addition to activation of intrinsic genetic programs, extrinsic factors are needed for the progress of differentiation and neural phenotype determination. Recent studies have revealed that in addition to classical growth factors, neurotransmitters have morphogenic functions. Calcium signaling is triggered by activation of ion channels or metabotropic receptors that codified in a frequency of transients (peaks or waves) leads to initiation of a calcium-dependent gene expression program essential for the progress to the next differentiation stage. We discuss the evidence pointing to participation of GABA, glutamate, cholinergic and purinergic receptors in neuronal differentiation of various stem and progenitor cell models.

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Abbreviations

ADSC:

adipose-derived stem cells

AMPA:

α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid

BMSC:

bone marrow stromal cells

CICR:

calcium-induced calcium release

EB:

embryoid bodies

[Ca2+]i :

free intracellular calcium concentration

EC cells:

embryonal carcinoma cells

EGF:

epidermal growth factor

ER:

endoplasmic reticulum

ES cells:

embryonic stem cells

FGF:

fibroblast growth factor

GABA:

γ-aminobutyric acid

GluR:

glutamate receptor(s)

ICM:

inner cell mass

IP3 :

inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate

MPEP:

methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine

mGluR:

metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype(s)

MSC:

mesenchymal stem cell(s)

nAChR:

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(s)

NMDA:

N-methyl-D-aspartate

NSC:

Neural stem cells

RA:

retinoic acid

RyR:

ryanodine receptor(s)

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  1. Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurologia, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Katia K. Yuahasi, Ariane Nunes- Alves & Cleber A. Trujillo

  2. Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Katia N. Gomes, Marcelo Campos, Arthur A. Nery & Henning Ulrich

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Yuahasi, K.K. et al. (2010). Neurotransmitters as Main Players in the Neural Differentiation and Fate Determination Game. In: Ulrich, H. (eds) Perspectives of Stem Cells. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3375-8_9

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