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Non-isotopic and 13C Isotopic Approaches to Calculate Soil Organic Carbon Maintenance Requirement

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Sociology, Organic Farming, Climate Change and Soil Science

Part of the book series: Sustainable Agriculture Reviews ((SARV,volume 3))

Abstract

To meet long-term food, energy, and fiber security requirements, production systems must be sustainable. A critical component in sustainable agricultural systems is the maintenance of soil organic carbon (SOC). SOC maintenance requires, over time, the amount of carbon added to soil to be equal to the amount of relic carbon mineralized. Obtaining the information required for maintenance calculations is difficult and, therefore, many projects assume that: (1) above- and below-ground biomass have similar impacts on SOC turnover; (2) root to shoot ratios can be used to estimate below-ground biomass; and (3) 13C enrichment during SOC mineralization is insignificant. This chapter reviews non-isotopic and 13C isotopic approaches used to develop carbon budgets, and it investigates the implications of simplifying assumptions on SOC turnover calculations. Sensitivity analysis of carbon-budget equations showed that: (1) if the root to shoot ratio is underestimated, then the above-ground biomass needed for maintenance is overestimated, whereas the reverse is true if the root to shoot ratio is overestimated; and (2) in systems where C4 residue is applied to soil derived from C4 and C3 plants, the calculated half-life was higher when 13C fractionation during relic carbon mineralization was considered. For C3 plants, the reverse was true. For 13C natural abundance calculation these errors can be minimized by testing the assumptions that 13C isotopic discrimination during mineralization of relic carbon and fresh biomass does not occur. Correction values for 13C isotopic discrimination of relic carbon can be calculated from data collected from control areas where plant growth is prevented. Temporal changes in relic SOC 13C isotopic discrimination can be measured in this zone. A mathematical approach for using 13C isotopic discrimination during relic carbon mineralization in SOC budget calculations is provided.

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Abbreviations

SOC:

Soil organic carbon

NHC:

Non-harvested crop residues

NHCa :

Amount of non-harvested carbon applied

NHCm :

Non-harvested carbon maintenance requirement

SOCinitial :

Soil organic carbon at the beginning of the experiment

SOCfinal :

Soil organic carbon contained in soil at the end of the Experiment

SOCe :

Amount of SOC at equilibrium

MRT:

Mean residence time

RPC:

Plant-derived-respired

DPM:

Decomposable plant material

RPM:

Resistant plant material

δ13Cplant+soil CO2 :

δ13C value of the CO2 containing both soil and plant carbon

δ13Cplant :

δ13C value of plant

δ13Csoil CO2 :

δ13C value of CO2 in an area not containing plants

CO2 plant+soil :

Total amount of CO2 trapped in the soil plus plant system

δ13Csoil final :

δ13C value of SOC when the experiment was completed

PCRincorp :

New plant carbon incorporated into SOC

δ13CPCR :

δ13C value of the plant material retained in the soil after mineralization

SOCretained :

Amount of relic carbon (SOCinitial) retained in the soil at the end of the study

δ13CSOC retained :

Associated δ13C value

SOClost :

Amount of organic carbon lost

εSOC :

Rayleigh fractionation constant of the SOC

sSOC:

Soil organic carbon derived from corn stover

SOCr :

Total corn-derived carbon in the residue returned treatment

SOCh :

Corn derived from unharvested material in the stover harvested treatment

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Acknowledgements

Support for this project was provided by the South Dakota Corn Utilization Council, South Dakota Soybean Research and Promotion Council, NRCS, USDA-CSREES-seed technology grant, South Dakota 2010 initiative, USDA-SARE (enc07-095, 2007-47001-03883), and NASA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007, USA

    Francisco Mamani Pati, David E. Clay, Gregg Carlson & Sharon A. Clay

  2. Bolivian Catholic University, UAC-Carmen Pampa, Coroico, La Paz-Bolivia

    Francisco Mamani Pati

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Correspondence to David E. Clay .

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    Eric Lichtfouse

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Pati, F.M., Clay, D.E., Carlson, G., Clay, S.A. (2010). Non-isotopic and 13C Isotopic Approaches to Calculate Soil Organic Carbon Maintenance Requirement. In: Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Sociology, Organic Farming, Climate Change and Soil Science. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3333-8_8

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