Abstract
When designing primers, it is of initial importance to define the target area, and secondly the type of application. The BLAST function from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) will help to identify the most suitable gene sequence to be used. There are many software programs; some free on websites/pages on the internet, dedicated to primer design and primer optimisation. In this chapter the most important factors that need to be taken into consideration when designing and optimising primers are highlighted.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliography
Hellemans, J, et al. 2007. qBase relative quantification framework and software for management and automated analysis of real-time quantitative PCR data. Genome Biol., 8(2), R19.
Vandesompele, J, De Preter, K, Pattyn, F, Poppe, B, Van Roy, N, De Paepe, A, Speleman, F. 2002. Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol., 3(7), research0034.1–research0034.11
Higuchi, R, Fockler, C, Dollinger, G, Watson, R. 1993. Kinetic PCR analysis: real-time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions. Biotechnology, 11, 1026–30.
Morrison, TB, Weis, JJ, Wittwer, CT.1998. Quantification of low-copy transcripts by continuous SYBR® Green I monitoring during amplification. BioTechniques, 24, 954–62.
Malinen, E, Kassinen, A, Rinttila, T, Palva, A. 2003. Comparison of real-time PCR with SYBR® Green I or 5′-nuclease assays and dot-blot hybridization with rDNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes in quantification of selected faecal bacteria. Microbiology, 149, 269–77.
Bustin, SA. 2000. Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. J. Mol. Endocrinol., 25, 169–93.
Vandesompele, J, De Paepe, A, Speleman, F. 2002. Elimination of primer-dimer artifacts and genomic coamplification using a two-step SYBR® green I real-time RT-PCR. Anal. Biochem., 303, 95–8.
Souaze, F, Ntodou-Thome, A, Tran, CY, Rostene, W, Forgez, P. 1996. Quantitative RT-PCR: limits and accuracy. BioTechniques, 21,280–5.
Giulietti, A, Overbergh, L, Valckx, D, Decallonne, B, Bouillon, R, Mathieu, C. 2001. An overview of real-time quantitative PCR : applications to quantify cytokine gene expression. Methods, 25, 386–401.
Livak, KJ, Schmittgen, TD. 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods, 25, 402–8.
Marino, JH, Cook, P, Miller, KS. 2003. Accurate and statistically verified quantification of relative mRNA abundances using SYBR® Green I and real-time RT-PCR. J. Immunol. Methods, 283, 291–306.
Pfaffl, MW. 2001. A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res., 29, 45.
Freeman, W-M, Walker, SJ, Vrana, KE. 1999. Quantitative RT-PCR: pitfalls and potential. BioTechniques, 26, 112–15.
Peirson, SN, Butler, JN, Foster, RG. 2003. Experimental validation of novel and conventional approaches to quantitative real-time PCR data analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 73.
Klein, D. 2002. Quantification using real-time PCR technology: applications and limitations. Trends Mol. Med., 8, 257–60.
Pfaffl, MW, Horgan, GW, Dempfle, L. 2002. Relative expression software tool (REST) for group-wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real-time PCR . Nucleic Acids Res., 30, 36.
Ririe, KM, Rasmussen, RP, Wittwer, CT. 1997. Product differentiation by analysis of DNA melting curves during the polymerase chain reaction. Anal. Biochem., 245, 154–60.
Lekanne Deprez, RH, Fijnvandraat, AC, Ruijter, JM, Moorman, AF. 2002. Sensitivity and accuracy of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using SYBR® green I depends on cDNA synthesis conditions. Anal. Biochem., 307, 63–69.
Wu, DY, Ugozzoli, L, Pal, BK, Qian, J, Wallace, RB. 1991. The effect of temperature and oligonucleotide primer length on the specificity and efficiency of amplification by the polymerase chain reaction. DNA Cell Biol., 10, 233–8.
Tichopad, A, Didier, A, Pfaffl, MW. 2004. Inhibition of real-time RT-PCR quantification due to tissue-specific contaminants. Mol. Cell Probes, 18, 45–50.
Yuan, JS, Feng Chen, AR, Stewart, CN. 2006. Statistical analysis of real-time PCR data. BMC Bioinformatics, 7, 85.
Sabek, O, Dorak, MT, Kotb, M, Gaber, AO, Gaber, L. 2002. Quantitative detection of T-cell activation markers by real-time PCR in renal transplant rejection and correlation with histopathologic evaluation. Transplantation, 74(5), 701–7
Troubleshooting
http://www3.appliedbiosystems.com/cms/groups/mcb_support/documents/generaldocuments/cms_042997.pdf
http://www.protocol-online.org/prot/Molecular_Biology/PCR/Real-Time_PCR/
http://www.appliedbiosystems.com/support/tutorials/pdf/data_analysis_7700.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pestana, E.A., Belak, S., Diallo, A., Crowther, J.R., Viljoen, G.J. (2009). Analysis and Troubleshooting. In: Early, rapid and sensitive veterinary molecular diagnostics - real time PCR applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3132-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3132-7_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-3131-0
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-3132-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)