Abstract
KEIZAN Jōkin 瑩山紹瑾 (1264–1325) is the fourth generation patriarch of the Japanese Sōtō School after Eihei Dōgen (1200–1253), Ko’un Ejō 孤雲懐弉 (1198–1280), and Tettsū Gikai 徹通義介 (1219–1309). Today, the Sōtō School is based on the idea of two patriarchs in one body as well as the idea of “funiryōzan” 不二両山, which regards the founding figure kōso as father and the reviving figure taiso as mother. Generally speaking, Keizan’s contribution to the development of the Sōtō School is well recognized; however, he did not receive adequate attention from academia. In my work Dōgen zen no seiritsushiteki kenkyū 道元禅の成立史的研究, I compare Keizan with Dōgen. My analysis is that in contrast to the “true dharma” (J. shōbō 正法) constructed by Dōgen, who overcomes the “silent illumination Zen” (J. mokushōzen 黙照禅), Keizan sees the characteristics of the Sōtō School (which is a rival of the Rinzai School) as a return to the tradition of the Silent Illumination Zen. It follows that Keizan supported satori 悟り by experience, which is rejected by Dōgen. Apart from general research such as mine, there are new attempts to understand Keizan such as Bernard Faure’s Vision of Power–Imagining Medieval Japanese Buddhism (1994), in which Keizan is regarded as the one who established a Zen teaching combining Dōgen’s orthodox Zen with various Zen elements in local religion, schools, and rituals. Finally, Keizan promoted zazen. It is well known that Dōgen promoted “sitting-only” (J. shikantaza 只管打坐). His first book after returning from Song China was a meditation manual, Fukanzazengi 普勧坐禅儀. Dōgen’s position of valuing zazen is followed by Keizan, who wrote the book Zazenyōjinki 坐禅用心記. In this book, Keizan introduced a method and frequency of breathing, which was not mentioned in Dōgen’s work. In another book Sankonzazensetsu 三根坐禅説, Keizan manifests a compassionate attitude towards practitioners with different abilities. This warm character of Keizan can be seen in his teaching of zazen.
Ching-yuen Cheung is a Lecturer of Japanese Studies in Chinese University of Hong Kong. His research interest is in Japanese philosophy, especially the philosophy of Nishida Kitarō, post-Fukushima philosophy, and philosophy of pilgrimage. He is an Editor of the Tetsugaku Companions to Japanese Philosophy and an Assistant Editor of the Journal of Japanese Philosophy. His research publications include Globalizing Japanese Philosophy as an Academic Discipline (co-edited with Kevin LAM Wing-keung) and a Xitian xiduolang: Kua wenhua shiye xia de riben zhexue (Nishida Kitarō: Japanese Philosophy from a Transcultural Perspective).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
“Biography of Master Keizan of Sōjiji” is included in the 1649 Tangen Jichō 湛元自澄 (Nichiiki tōjō shosoden 1914).
Works Cited
Abbreviations
DBS: Daijōji bunsho 大乗文書 [Mahāyāna Literature]. Sōtōshū kobunsho 『曹洞宗古文書』 [Ancient Literature of Sōtōshū], edited by Ōkubō Dōshū 大久保道舟, vol. 2. Tsukuba: Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō, 1972.
DZZ: Dōgen zenji zenshū 『道元禅師全集』 [Dōgen’s Collected Works]. 7 vols, edited by Kōdō Kawamura 河村孝道 and Kakuzen Suzuki 鈴木格禅. Tokyo: Shunjūsha.
NTS: Nichi’iki tōjō shosoden 『日域洞上諸祖伝』 [Transmission of all Patriarchs of Nichi’iki Tōjō], 110 vols. Tokyo: Busshokankōkai, 1914.
SZS: Sōtōshū zensho 『曹洞宗全書』 [The Complete Documents of the Sōtō School]. 19 vols. Tokyo: Sōtōshū Zensho Kankōkai, 1970–1973.
TKK: Tōkokuki 『洞谷記』 [Records of Caves and Valleys]. Shūgaku kenkyū, vol. 16. Tokyo: Sōtōshū Shugakū Kenkyūjo, 1974.
ZSZS: Zoku sōtōshū zensho 『曹洞宗全書』 [The Complete Documents of the Sōtō School Continued]. 10 vols. Tokyo: Sōtōshū Zensho Kankōkai, 1973–1976.
Other Sources
Faure, Bernard. 1991. Vision of Power–Imagining Medieval Japanese Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ishii, Shūdō 石井修道. 1991. Dōgen zen no seiritsushi teki kenkyū 『道元禅の成立史的研究』 [Formative Research on Dōgen Zen]. Tokyo: Daizō Shuppan.
Ishikawa, Rikizan 石川力山. 2001. Zenshū sōden shiryō no kenkyū 『禅宗相伝資料の研究』. 2 vols. Kyoto: Hōzōkan.
Keizan 瑩山. 1944. Denkōroku 『伝光錄』. [The Transmission of the Light Records]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
Ōtani, Tetsuo 大谷哲夫. 1974. Shiryō daijōji hihon tōkokuki 「資料 大乗寺秘本洞谷記」. Shūkyō kenkyū 『宗教研究』 16: 231–248.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ishii, S. (2019). Keizan Jōkin and His Thought. In: Kopf, G. (eds) The Dao Companion to Japanese Buddhist Philosophy. Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2924-9_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2924-9_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-2923-2
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-2924-9
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyPhilosophy and Religion (R0)