Abstract
Jōkei 貞慶 (1155–1213), posthumously known as GEDATSU Shōnin 解脱上人, was a prominent scholar-monk of the Hossō 法相 school who lived during Japan’s momentous transition to a medieval society. Hossō (C. Faxiang) 法相 is the East Asian transmission of the Indian Yogācāra system of thought. Jōkei is perhaps best known for his critique of Hōnen’s 法然 (1133–1212) exclusive nenbutsu teachings, memorialized in a petition to the Court in 1205 C.E. to censure Hōnen and his followers. He is also noteworthy for promoting devotion to an eclectic array of divine beings ranging from various Buddhas and bodhisattvas to popular kami. This essay will focus on Jōkei’s doctrinal reform efforts for which he has only recently been recognized.
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I am characterizing a qualitative difference of emphasis here. Admittedly, all of the Mahāyāna schools emphasized the doctrine of non-duality (identity) and it appears throughout the Mahāyāna corpus. Even so, the Hossō emphasis tended to be on the various distinctions between dharmas, beings, and so forth while Tendai rhetoric in particular increasingly emphasized non-duality to an extreme as reflected in Annen’s quote above.
Works Cited
Abbreviations
KKB Kamakura kyū bukkyō 『鎌倉旧仏教』 [The Ancient Buddhism of Kamakura], Nihon shisō taikei 『日本思想体系』 [The Systems of Japanese Thought] 15 vols, edited by Shigeo Kamata and Hisao Tanaka. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1971.
ND Nihon daizōkyō 『日本大蔵經』 [The Japanese Tripitaka]. Original edition in 51 vols, 1914–1922. Revised and enlarged edition in 100 vols. Edited by Suzuki Gakujutsu Zaidan 鈴木学術財団. Tokyo: Suzuki Gakujutsu Zaidan, 1973–78.
T Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 『大正新修大蔵經』. 100 vols. Ed. Junjirō Takakusu 高楠順次郎 and Kaigyoku Watanabe 渡邊海旭. Tokyo: Taishō Issaikyō Kankōkai, 1924–34.
Works by Jōkei
Hossōshū shoshin ryakuō 『法相宗初心略要』 [Introduction to the Essentials of the Hossō School]. ND 63: 357–90.
Hossōshū shoshin ryakuyō zokuhen [Zokuhen] 「法相宗初心略要続編」 [Addition to the Introduction to the Essentials of the Hossō School]. ND 63: 390–412.
Jō yuishiki ron dōgaku shō 『成唯識論同学鈔』 [A Collaborative Study of the Treatise on Consciousness-Only]. T 66.
Jō yuishiki ron jinshi shō 『成唯識論尋思鈔』 [A Study of the Treatise on Consciousness-Only], 17 fascicles. Held in collection of Ryūtani University.
Kōfukuji sōjō 「興福寺奏状」 [Ceremonies at Kōfukuji]. KKB 312–316.
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Ford, J.L. (2019). Jōkei. In: Kopf, G. (eds) The Dao Companion to Japanese Buddhist Philosophy. Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2924-9_13
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