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Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis pp 405–431Cite as

The Immunohistochemistry of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

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Part of the book series: Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy and Prognosis ((HAYAT,volume 6))

Abstract

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative, multifocal tumor that depends upon infection with Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpesvirus/Human Herpesvirus-8 (KSHV/HHV8). KS lesions are comprised of spindled lesional cells, abnormal vessels, and a variable chronic inflammatory infiltrate. There is an emerging body of literature pertaining to the immunohistochemistry (IHC) of this captivating vascular neoplasm. This chapter deals with the IHC of KS related to (1) its histogenesis (cell of origin), (2) pathogenesis, (3) diagnosis, and (4) the identification of novel therapeutic targets.

Kaposi’s sarcoma was first described by Moritz Kaposi in the late nineteenth century. Today, we recognize four different epidemiological forms of KS: Classic (sporadic), African (endemic), Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated (epidemic), and immunosuppression-associated (iatrogenic) KS. KS may involve the skin, mucosa, and less frequently the viscera. While Classic KS typically manifests on the extremities as violaceous lesions, patients with this form of sarcoma may infrequently present with KS lesions involving the mucosa, genitalia, and gastrointestinal tract. As a result of the widespread AIDS epidemic in Africa, it has become difficult to differentiate true endemic from AIDS-associated KS. AIDS-related KS is an aggressive tumor that may cause minimal disease or widespread lesions. KS skin lesions may vary from small papules to fungating nodules, often with concomitant ulceration and lymphedema. Extracutaneous disease in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is common. In transplant recipients, HHV8 infection can be associated with fatal KS. KS may undergo regression spontaneously, or more often in patients receiving therapy. KS exacerbation (flare) can occur following therapy with corticosteroids, after rituximab, and as part of the immune reconstitution syndrome seen with antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected persons.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Baystate Medical Center, Tufts School of Medicine, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA, 01109, USA

    Liron Pantanowitz & Gabriel Caponetti

  2. Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA

    Bruce J. Dezube

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  1. Liron Pantanowitz
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  1. Dept. Biological Sciences, Kean University, Union, 07083, U.S.A.

    M. A. Hayat

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Pantanowitz, L., Caponetti, G., Dezube, B.J. (2010). The Immunohistochemistry of Kaposi’s Sarcoma. In: Hayat, M. (eds) Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis. Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy and Prognosis, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2918-8_33

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