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Biosynthesis and Function of Chloroplast Lipids

  • Chapter
Lipids in Photosynthesis

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 30))

Summary

Chloroplast membranes are composed of four unique lipids, including monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and phosphatidyl-glycerol (PG). These lipids are crucial for maintaining the function of chloroplasts not simply because they account for a large fraction of the photosynthetic membranes, but because they are assembled into the photosynthetic machinery and are, therefore, directly involved in photosynthetic processes. Indeed, Ara-bidopsis mutants of these lipids possess some photosynthetic defects. Diacylglycerol (DAG), a common precursor of the glycolipids, is produced by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways but the detailed mechanism of DAG supply to chloroplasts remains ambiguous. Because most of the genes encoding the lipid-synthesizing enzymes have been identified in this decade, significant progress delineating the physiological functions and regulatory mechanisms of lipid biosynthesis in chloroplasts has been achieved. In Arabidopsis, two types of MGDG synthases, Type A (AtMGD1) and Type B (AtMGD2, AtMGD3), were identified and their distinct functions in chloroplasts have been unveiled. Type A MGDG synthase is involved in the bulk of MGDG synthesis whereas Type B MGDG synthase is induced under phosphate (Pi)-limited conditions. Two genes, DGD1 and DGD2, for DGDG synthases, which are involved in DGDG synthesis, were identified. DGD1 is the predominant DGDG synthase whereas DGD2 is induced under Pi-limited growth conditions. SQDG synthesis is mediated by two enzymes, SQD1 and SQD2. The key enzyme for PG synthesis is PG phosphate synthase, which is encoded by two genes, PGP1 and PGP2. Plants have homeostatic mechanisms to balance the amount of these lipids by regulating their biosyntheses under various environmental conditions, such as limiting Pi, which stimulates replacement of phospholipids with glycolipids through regulation of enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis.

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Abbreviations

CDP:

Cytidyldiphosphate

DAG:

sn-1,2-diacylglycerol

DGD:

Digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase

DGDG:

Digalactosyldiacylglycerol

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

FdGOGAT:

Ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase

LPP:

Lipid phosphate phosphatase

MGDG:

Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol

MGD:

Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase

NPC:

Non-specific phospholipase C

PA:

Phosphatidic acid

PAP:

Phosphatidic acid phosphatase

PC:

Phosphatidylcholine

PE:

Phosphatidylethanolamine

PG:

Phosphatidylglycerol

PGP:

Phosphatidylglycerol phosphate

Pi:

Phosphate

PI:

Phosphatidylinositol

PLC:

Phospholipase C

PLD:

Phospholipase D

SQDG:

Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol

SQD2:

Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol synthase

UDP-Gal:

Uridine diphosphate-galactose

UDP-SQ:

Uridine diphosphate-sulfoquinovose

SQD1:

Uridine diphosphate-sulfoquinovose synthase

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Acknowledgments

The MGDG and DAG research performed in the Ohta lab has been supported, in part, by a Grand-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas Nos.17051009, 18056007, 19039010 and 20053005 from MEXT of Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, 4259-B65, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan

    Mie Shimojima

  2. Research Center for the Evolving Earth and Planets, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, 4259-B65, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan

    Hiroyuki Ohta

  3. Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research link, 117604, Singapore, Republic of Singapore

    Yuki Nakamura

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  1. Mie Shimojima
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  2. Hiroyuki Ohta
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  3. Yuki Nakamura
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Correspondence to Hiroyuki Ohta .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Science, University of Tokyo, Japan

    Hajime Wada

  2. National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan

    Norio Murata

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Shimojima, M., Ohta, H., Nakamura, Y. (2009). Biosynthesis and Function of Chloroplast Lipids. In: Wada, H., Murata, N. (eds) Lipids in Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 30. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2863-1_3

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