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Stem Cells in Asexual Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates

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Stem Cells in Marine Organisms

Abstract

While sexual reproduction is conserved and almost ubiquitous, asexual reproduction in forms of parthenogenesis or agametic cloning from somatic tissue is less conserved. The phylogeny shows that agametic cloning is widespread but scattered with many different modes for asexual formation of a new animal. This suggests that independent forms of cloning have evolved later from sexual ancestors between and within different phyla. Here, we present an overview of agametic cloning in the marine animal kingdom and discuss molecular and evolutionary aspects of somatic stem cell usage for asexual cloning. The molecular tissue characterizations and the relative role of different stem cells involved in agametic cloning are only at its beginning with whole phyla largely uncovered. An emerging hypothesis is that the first somatic stem cells used in cloning were also able to form a germ-line and that the more limited lineage specific stem cells are derived. We discuss advantages and problems with agametic cloning from somatic tissue and propose that the levels of stem cell potential held in the tissue can have large consequences for the reproductive life cycle strategies and long-term fitness in clonal animals and strains. We finally describe suitable molecular experimental approaches for future research on this topic.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful for comments and suggestions from B. Rinkevich during the preparation of this chapter. We thank our colleagues and collaborators for contributing with images. The work is supported by the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative (contract grant no. dha 15/06 1.4), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Network of Excellence ’Marine Genomics Europe’, contract GOCE-04-505403 to M.O., and Swedish Research Council (Natural and Engineering Sciences), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and Magnus Bergvalls Stiftelse to H.S.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Ecology, Göteborg University, Kristineberg 566, SE 450 34, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden

    Helen Nilsson Sköld & Matthias Obst

  2. Swedish Board of Fisheries, Institute of Marine Research, SE 453 21, Lysekil, Sweden

    Mattias Sköld

  3. Zoology, Göteborg University, SE 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden

    Bertil Åkesson

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  1. Helen Nilsson Sköld
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  2. Matthias Obst
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  4. Bertil Åkesson
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Correspondence to Helen Nilsson Sköld .

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  1. Limnological Research, Israel Oceanographic & , Haifa, 31 080, Israel

    Baruch Rinkevich

  2. Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia, CNR Palermo, Via La Malfa 153, Palermo, 90146, Italy

    Valeria Matranga

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Sköld, H.N., Obst, M., Sköld, M., Åkesson, B. (2009). Stem Cells in Asexual Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates. In: Rinkevich, B., Matranga, V. (eds) Stem Cells in Marine Organisms. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2767-2_5

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