Chapter 3 showed that most vehicle pedestrian and cyclist collisions terminate following pedestrian or cyclist contact with the ground, and the latter frequently leads to significant injuries, with about 8% of serious or fatal pedestrian head injuries attributed to ground contact [1]. While there have been no direct studies of cyclist ground contact kinematics, and cyclists are not included in the IHRA dataset, some smaller in-depth studies have studied cyclist injuries from ground contact: the European in-depth pedestrian database (APROSYS) has indicated that ground contact is especially important for cyclists, though only seven cyclist cases were included [2]. In the absence of direct studies of differences between pedestrian and cyclist ground contact kinematics, this chapter focuses on pedestrian ground contact.
The process of ground contact for both pedestrians and cyclists involves a combination of slide, roll and bounce to rest, see Figure 9.1, and frequently leads to further significant injuries [3, 4]. The overall injury severity is largely determined by the head impact [4, 5] and, although pelvis fractures from ground contact have been reported [6], thorax and abdomen injuries are much less likely from ground impact than from vehicle impact [7].
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(2009). Ground Contact Injuries. In: Pedestrian and Cyclist Impact. Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, vol 166. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2743-6_9
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