Abstract
Although the United States is a nation of immigrants, having been populated largely through waves of migration by people from nations and territories throughout the world (people of African and indigenous descent being the most notable exceptions to this pattern), immigration has historically been a source of controversy and conflict. Throughout American history, each wave of immigration has been greeted by hostility, discrimination, and, in some cases, fierce opposition from groups who arrived not long before. In each case, the right of new migrants to settle and reside in the United States has been challenged both on the basis of the perceived threat they posed to the economic security and well-being of those who came before and on their presumed cultural incompatibility with American social norms (Roediger, 1991). Ironically, even groups that today seem to be completely accepted and integrated within the social fabric of American society – Germans, Italians, Irish, and Jews – were once subjected to attacks and concerted opposition to their entry and settlement by others that charged they were unwanted and “unassimilable” (Brodkin, 1991; Takaki, 1989).
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Notes
- 1.
For an example of such a prediction, see Clark (1998).
- 2.
- 3.
For a discussion of how liberal trade policies such as NAFTA have contributed to migration from Latin America to the United States, see “Immigrants Come Here Because Globalization Took Their Jobs Back There” by Jim Hightower in Lowdown, February 7, 2008.
- 4.
Imbalance in wealth and the lack of economic opportunity in other parts of the Third World are also responsible for migration to Europe as well as internal migration in nations such as China and Russia. See Many Globalizations by Peter Berger and Samuel Huntington (London: Oxford University Press, 2002).
- 5.
For a discussion of some of the attacks against new immigrants, legal and undocumented, by local governments and vigilante groups such as the Minute Men, see Chavez (2008)
- 6.
For a discussion of demographic trends and the emerging non-white majority, see the California Cauldron by Clark (1998). I use the term “regarded as white” because these racial classifications are not universally accepted and are subject to change over time. For a discussion of race as a social and political category, see Racial Formation in the United States by Omi and Winant (1986).
- 7.
- 8.
For a discussion of the factors influencing racial conflict between African Americans and Latino immigrants in southern California, see “Beyond the Racial Divide: Perceptions of Minority Residents on Coalition Building in South Los Angeles” in TRPI Policy Brief, June 2007.
- 9.
- 10.
As a researcher and the Director of the Metro Center at NYU, I work with many schools throughout the United States. For a description of my research, see City Schools and the American Dream (NY: Teachers College Press, 2003).
- 11.
In much of the sociological literature on immigration, it has been held that assimilation would lead to social mobility for immigrants. Second- and third-generation immigrants have generally fared better than new arrivals. For Latinos, available research suggests the opposite may be true.
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Noguera, P.A. (2010). Educational Change and Demographic Change: Immigration and the Role of Educational Leadership. In: Hargreaves, A., Lieberman, A., Fullan, M., Hopkins, D. (eds) Second International Handbook of Educational Change. Springer International Handbooks of Education, vol 23. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2660-6_16
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