Abstrct
Many figures in phenomenology, including founder Edmund Husserl, have uniquely addressed what cognitive scientists call attention. For example, Husserl (1991) discussed dynamic temporal attention, attentional shifting (1970), attentional capture (1982), and serial attention (2001). Jean-Paul Sartre (1956), Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1962), and Aron Gurwitsch (1964, 1966) discussed attention in terms of gestalt principles, including the nature of visual search, illusions, salience, and context effects, often criticizing various psychological concepts of attention. But for each of these phenomenologists the context or margin in attending was the main interest not the focus of attention. In contrast, experimental attention research emphasizes the focus of attention. Things are changing. Phenomenologists still emphasize context and margin, but now cognitive scientists are starting to as well. This means that the theoretical trends in contemporary attention experiments and a century of phenomenology of the structures of consciousness and perception, can both be used to put attention in context. This chapter shows that current cognitive science of attention substantially intersects with a gestalt-phenomenology of attention, even if this intersection is not yet effectively articulated by phenomenologists or utilized by experimenters in formulating hypotheses, models, and theories. It also suggests that phenomenology and cognitive science of attention can be co-revelatory in theory and practice.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arndt J, Cook A, Greenberg J (2002) Mortality salience and the spreading activation of worldview-relevant constructs: exploring the cognitive architecture of terror management. J Exp Psychol Gen 131:307-324
Arvidson PS (1992) On the origins of organization in consciousness. J Br Soc Phenomenol 23:53-65
Arvidson PS (1996) Toward a phenomenology of attention. Human Studies 19:71-84
Arvidson PS (1997) Looking intuit: A phenomenological analysis of intuition and attention. In: Robbie D-F, Sven AP (eds) Intuition: the inside story: interdisciplinary perspectives. Routledge, New York, pp 39-56
Arvidson PS (1998) Bringing context into focus: parallels in the psychology of attention and the philosophy of science. J Phenomenol Psychol 29:50-91
Arvidson PS (2000) Transformations in consciousness: continuity, the self and marginal consciousness. J Conscious Stud 7:3-26
Arvidson PS (2003) A lexicon of attention: from cognitive science to phenomenology. Phenomenol Cogn Sci 2:99-131
Arvidson PS (2004) Experimental evidence for three dimensions of attention. In: Lester E (ed) Gurwitsch’s relevancy for cognitive science. Springer, Dordrecht
Arvidson PS (2006) The sphere of attention: context and margin. Springer, Dordrecht
Arvidson PS (2008) Attentional capture and attentional character. J Phenomenol Cogn Sci 7:539-562
Baars BJ (2003) How brain reveals mind: neural studies support the fundamental role of conscious experience. In: Anthony J, Andreas R (eds) Trusting the subject. Imprint Academic, Exeter, UK
Barnes R, Jones MR (2000) Expectancy, attention, and time. Cogn Psychol 41:254-311
Bastick T (1982) Intuition: how we think and act. Wiley, New York
Becker MW, Pashler H (2005) Awareness of the continuously visible: information acquisition during preview. Percept Psychophys 67:1391-1403
Bian Z, Braunstein ML, Andersen GJ (2006) The ground dominance effect in the perception of relative distance in 3-D scenes is mainly due to characteristics of the ground surface. Percept Psychophys 68:1297-1309
Biederman I (1972) Perceiving real world scenes. Science 177:77-80
Botvinick M, Plaut DC (2002) Representing task context: proposals based on a connectionist model of action. Psychol Res 66:298-311
Braver T, Barch DM, Keys BA, Carter CS, Cohen JD, Kaye JA, Janowsky JS, Taylor SF, Yesavage JA, Mumenthaler MS, Jagust WJ, Reed BR (2001) Context processing in older adults: evidence for a theory relating cognitive control to neurobiology in healthy aging. J Exp Psychol Gen 130:746-763
Bravo MJ, Farid H (2006) Object recognition in dense clutter. Percept Psychophys 68:911-918
Brewin CR (1989) Cognitive change processes in psychotherapy. Psychol Rev 96:379-394
Brown G, Vousden JI, McCormack T (1999) The development of memory for serial order: a temporal-contextual distinctiveness model. Int J Psychol 34:389-402
Bruzina R (2004) Phenomenology and cognitive science: moving beyond the paradigms. Husserl Stud 20:43-88
Bülthoff H, van Veen H (2001) Vision and action in virtual environments: modern psychophysics in spatial cognition research. In: Jenkin M, Harris L (eds) Vision and attention. Springer, New York, pp 233-252
Cavanagh P, Labianca AT, Thornton IM (2001) Attention-based visual routines: sprites. Cognition 80:47-60
Chong SC, Treisman A (2005) Attentional spread in the statistical processing of visual displays. Percept Psychophys 67:1-13
Chun MM, Jiang Y (1998) Contextual cuing: implicit learning and memory of visual context guides spatial attention. Cogn Psychol 36:28-71
Chun MM, Jiang Y (1999) Top-down attentional guidance based on implicit learning of visual covariation. Psychol Sci 10:360-365
Chun MM, Jiang Y (2003) Implicit, long-term spatial contextual memory. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 29:224-234
Clark RC (1999) Developing technical training. ISPI, Washington, DC
Cohen RA (1993) The neuropsychology of attention. Plenum Press, New York
Coull JT (1998) Neural correlates of attention and arousal: insights from electrophysiology, functional neuroimaging and psychopharmacology. Prog Neurobiol 55:343-361
Dalton P, Lavie N (2004) Auditory attentional capture: effects of singleton distractor sounds. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 30:180-193
Davenport J, Potter MC (2004) Scene consistency in object and background perception. Psychol Sci 15:559-564
Dennett D (2007) Heterophenomenology reconsidered. Phenomenol Cogn Sci 6:247-270
Di Lollo V, Smilek D, Kawahara J-I, Ghorashi SMS (2005) System reconfiguration, not resource depletion, determines efficiency of visual search. Percept Psychophys 67:1080-1087
Downing P, Liu J, Kanwisher N (2001) Testing cognitive models of visual attention with fMRI and MEG. Neuropsychologia 39:1329-1342
Embree L (ed) (2004). Preface. In: Gurwitsch’s relevancy for cognitive science. Springer, Dordrecht
Engle RW, Tuholski SW, Laughlin J, Conway ARA (1999) Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: a latent variable approach. J Exp Psychol Gen 128:309-331
Eriksen CW, Schultz DW (1979) Information processing in visual search: a continuous flow conception and experimental results. Percept Psychophys 25:249-263
Eriksen CW, St. James JD (1986) Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention. Percept Psychophys 40:225-240
Fileteo JV, Freidrich FJ, Stricker JL (2001) Shifting attention to different levels within global-local stimuli: a study of normal participants and a patient with temporal-parietal lobe damage. Cogn Neuropsychol 18:227-261
Finkbeiner MA, Slotnick SD, Moo LR, Caramazza A (2007) Involuntary capture of attention produces domain-specific activation. NeuroReport 18:975-979
Folk CL, Remington RW, Johnston JC (1992) Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 18:1030-1044
Folk CL, Remington RW (1998) Selectivity in distraction by irrelevant featural singletons. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 24:847-858
Frey H-P, König P, Einhäuser W (2007) The role of first- and second-order stimulus features for human overt attention. Percept Psychophys 69:153-161
Gibson BS, Kelsey EM (1998) Stimulus-driven attentional capture is contingent on attentional set for display-wide visual features. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 24:699-706
Glover S, Dixon P (2001) The role of vision in the on-line correction of illusion effects on action. Can J Exp Psychol 55:96-103
Gottesman CV, Intraub H (2002) Surface construal and the mental representation of scenes. J Exp Psychol: Hum Perform 28:1-11
Gurwitsch A (1964) The field of consciousness. Duquesne University Press, Pittsburgh, PA
Gurwitsch A (1966) Studies in phenomenology and psychology. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, IL
Gurwitsch A (1985) The phenomenology of signals and significations. In: Lester E (ed) Marginal consciousness. Ohio University Press, Athens, OH
Hanrahan C, Vergeer I (2001) Multiple uses of mental imagery by professional modern dancers. Imag Cogn Pers 20:231-255
Haywood J (1998) A rdzogs-chen Buddhist interpretation of the sense of self. J Conscious Stud 5:611-626
Henderson JM, Hollingworth A (1999) High-level scene perception. Annu Rev Psychol 50:243-271
Henderson JM, Hollingworth A (2003) Eye movements and visual memory: detecting changes to saccade targets in scenes. Percept Psychophys 65:58-71
Hershkowitz I, Orbach Y, Lamb ME, Sternberg KJ, Horowitz D (2001) The effect of mental context reinstatement on children’s accounts of sexual abuse. Appl Cogn Psychol 15:235-248
Hicks JL, Marsh RL, Cook GI (2005) An observation on the role of context variability in free recall. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 31:1160-1164
Holland RW, Hendriks M, Aarts H (2005) Smells like clean spirit: nonconscious effects of scent on cognition and behavior. Psychol Sci 16:689-693
Hollingworth A (2005) The relationship between online visual representation of a scene and long-term scene memory. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 31:396-411
Hollingworth A, Hyun J-S, Zhang W (2005) The role of visual short-term memory in empty cell localization. Percept Psychophys 67:1332-1343
Hommel BK, Ridderinkhof R, Theeuwes J (2002) Cognitive control of attention and action: issues and trends. Psychol Res 66:215-219
Horowitz TS, Klieger SB, Fencsik DE, Yang KK, Alvarez GA, Wolfe JM (2007) Tracking unique objects. Percept Psychophys 69:172-184
Husserl E (1970) Logical investigations, vols. 1 and 2 (trans: John. N. Findlay). Routledge, London
Husserl E (1982) Ideas pertaining to a pure phenomenology and to a phenomenological philosophy. First book. General introduction to a pure phenomenology (trans: Fred Kersten). Kluwer, Dordrecht
Husserl E (1991) On the phenomenology of the consciousness of internal time 1893-1917 (trans: John Barnett Brough). Kluwer, Dordrecht
Husserl E (2001) Analyses concerning passive and active synthesis: lectures on transcendental logic (trans: Anthony Steinbock). Kluwer, Dordrecht
Intraub H, Hoffman JE, Wetherhold JC, Stoehs S-A (2006) More than meets the eye: the effect of planned fixations on scene representation. Percept Psychophys 68:759-769
Irwin DE, Zelinsky GH (2002) Eye movements and scene perception: memory for things observed. Percept Psychophys 64:882-895
Jacobson NS, Dobson KS, Traux PA, Addis ME, Koerner K, Gollan JK, Gortner E, Prince SE (1996) A competent analysis of cognitive-behavioural treatment for depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 64:295-304
James W (1981) Principles of psychology, vol. 1. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
Jescheniak JD, Hantsch A, Schriefers H (2005) Context effects on lexical choice and lexical activation. J Exp Psychol: Learn Mem Cogn 31:905-920
Jiang Y, Chun MM (2003) Contextual cuing: reciprocal influences between attention and implicit learning. In: Luis J (ed) Attention and implicit learning. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp 277-296
Jones MR, McAuley JD (2005) Time judgments in global temporal contexts. Percept Psychophys 67:398-417
Kambe G, Rayner K, Duffy SA (2001) Global context effects on processing lexically ambiguous worlds: evidence from eye fixations. Mem Cogn 29:363-372
Kanwisher N (2001) Neural events and perceptual awareness. Cognition 79:89-113
Kelso JAS, Case P, Holroyd T, Horvath E, Raczaszek J, Tuller B, Ding M (1995) Multistability and metastability in perceptual and brain dynamics. In: Kruse P, Stadler M (eds) Ambiguity in mind and nature. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg
Kelter S, Kaup B, Claus B (2004) Representing a described sequence of events: a dynamic view of narrative comprehension. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 30:451-464
Koch C, Crick F (1994) Some further ideas regarding the neuronal basis of awareness. In: Koch C, Davis JL (eds) Large scale neuronal theories of the brain. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 93-110
Koffka K (1925) Psychologie. In: Dessoir M (ed) Lehrbuch der Philosophie. Springer, Berlin
Kunzendorf R, Hartmann E, Thomas L, Berensen L (2000) Emotionally directing visual sensations: I. Generating images that contextualize emotion and become “symbolic.” Imag Cogn Pers 19:269-278
LaBerge D (2002) Attentional control: brief and prolonged. Psychol Res 66:220-223
Lamy D, Segal H, Ruderman L (2006) Grouping does not require attention. Percept Psychophys 68:17-31
Lappin JS, Shelton AL, Rieser JJ (2006) Environmental context influences visually perceived distance. Percept Psychophys 68:571-581
Lewandowsky S, Kirsner K (2000) Knowledge partitioning: context-dependent use of expertise. Mem Cogn 28:295-305
Libera CD, Chelazzi L (2006) Visual selective attention and the effects of monetary rewards. Psychol Sci 17:222-227
Lippman LG, Sucharski IL, Bennington K (2001) Contextual connections to puns in fables: perceived humor. J Gen Psychol 128:157-169
MacGregor JN, Ormerod TC, Chronicle EP (2001) Information processing and insight: a process model of performance of the nine-dot and related problems. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 27:176-201
MacLeod AK, Salaminiou E (2001) Reduced positive future-thinking in depression: cognitive and effective factors. Cogn Emotion 15:99-107
Malmberg KJ, Shiffrin RM (2005) The ‘one-shot’ hypothesis for context storage. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 31:322-336
Mandel DR (2003) Counterfactuals, emotions, and context. Cogn Emotion 17:139-159
Marino AC, Scholl BJ (2005) The role of closure in defining ‘objects’ of object-based attention. Percept Psychophys 67:1140-1149
Marsh E, Edelman G, Bower GH (2001) Demonstrations of a generation effect in context memory. Mem Cogn 29:798-805
McAuley JD, Jones MR (2003) Modeling effects of rhythmic context on perceived duration: a comparison of interval and entrainment approaches to short interval timing. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 29:1102-1125
McNamara DS, McDaniel M (2004) Suppressing irrelevant information: knowledge activation or inhibition? J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 30:465-482
Mendolia M, Moore J, Tesser A (1996) Dispositional and situational determinants of repression. J Pers Soc Psychol 70:856-867
Merleau-Ponty M (1962) Phenomenology of perception (trans: Colin Smith). The Humanities Press, New Jersey
Metzinger T (2003) Phenomenal transparency and cognitive self-reference. Phenomenol Cogn Sci 2:353-393
Miller JO (1991) The Flanker compatibility effect as a function of visual angle, attentional focus, visual transients, and perceptual load: a search for boundary conditions. Percept Psychophys 49:270-288
Mischel W, Shoda Y, Rodriguez ML (1989) Delay of gratification in children. Science 244:933-938
Morgan JL, Meyer AS (2005) Processing of extrafoveal objects during multiple-object naming. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 31:428-442
Mou W, Zhang K, McNamara TP (2004) Frames of reference in spatial memories acquired from language. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 30:171-180
Navon D (1977) Forest before trees: the precedence of global features in visual perception. Cogn Psychol 9:441-474
Nelson DL, McEvoy CL, Pointer L (2003) Spreading activation or spooky action at a distance? J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 29:42-52
Newstead SE, Coventry KR (2000) The role of context and functionality in the interpretation of quantifiers. Eur J Cogn Psychol 12:243-259
Noles NS, Scholl BJ, Mitroff SR (2005) The persistence of object file representations. Percept Psychophys 67:324-334
Oberauer K (2002) Access to information in working memory: exploring the focus of attention. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 28:411-421
Ohman A, Flykt A, Esteves F (2001) Emotion drives attention: detecting the snake in the grass. J Exp Psychol Gen 130:466-478
Olson I, Chun MM (2001) Temporal contextual cuing of visual attention. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 27:1299-1313
Olson I, Marshuetz C (2005) Remembering “what” brings along “where” in visual working memory. Percept Psychophys 67:185-194
Palmer S (1999) Vision science: from photons to phenomenology. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Pasto L, Burack JA (2002) Visual filtering and focusing among persons with schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and no psychiatric history. Can J Behav Sci 34:239-249
Peterson MA, Enns JT (2005) The edge complex: implicit memory for figure assignment in shape perception. Percept Psychophys 67:727-740
Posner M (1980) Orienting of attention. Q J Exp Psychol 32:3-25
Posner M (1995) Attention in cognitive neuroscience: an overview. In: Michael G (ed) The cognitive neurosciences. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 625-648
Pylyshyn ZW (2001) Visual indexes, preconceptual objects, and situated vision. Cognition 80:127-158
Pylyshyn ZW (2003) Seeing and visualizing: it’s not what you think. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Quinn PC, Bhatt RS (2005) Good continuation affects discrimination of visual pattern information in young infants. Percept Psychophys 67:1171-1176
Rafal R, Henik A (1994) The neurobiology of inhibition: integrating controlled and automatic processes. In: Dagenbach D, Carr TH (eds) Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language. Academic, New York
Raidl M-H, Lubart TI (2001) An empirical study of intuition and creativity. Imag Cogn Pers 20:217-230
Rauschenberger R, Yantis S (2001) Attentional capture by globally defined objects. Percept Psychophys 63:1250-1261
Rawson K, Kintsch W (2002) How does background information improve memory for text content. Mem Cogn 30:768-778
Rees G, Lavie NN (2001) What can functional imaging reveal about the role of attention in visual awareness. Neuropsychologia 39:1343-1353
Rensink RA (2000) The dynamic representation of scenes. Visual Cogn 7:17-42
Rochat P (ed) (1999) Early social cognition: understanding others in the first months of life. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ
Roney CJR, Trick LM (2003) Grouping and gambling: a gestalt approach to understanding the gambler’s fallacy. Can J Exp Psychol 57:69-75
Ruddle RA, Lessels S (2006) For efficient navigational search, humans require full physical movement, but not a rich visual scene. Psychol Sci 17:460-465
Russell PA (2000) The aesthetics of rectangle proportion: effects of judgment scale and context. Am J Psychol 113:27-42
Sartre J-P (1956) Being and nothingness (trans: Hazel Barnes). Philosophical Library, New York
Scholl BJ, Pylyshyn ZW (1999) Tracking multiple items through occlusions: clues to visual objecthood. Cogn Psychol 38:259-290
Scholl B, Pylyshyn ZW, Feldman J (2001) What is a visual object? Evidence from target merging in multiple object tracking. Cognition 80:159-177
Scholl B (2001) Objects and attention: the state of the art. Cognition 80:1-46
Sears CR, Pylyshyn Z (2000) Multiple object tracking and attentional processing. Can J Psychol 54:1-14
Sharps M, Martin SS (2002) “Mindless” decision making as a failure of contextual reasoning. J Psychol 136:272-282
Simons D, Mitroff SR (2001) The role of expectations in change detection and attentional capture. In: Michael J, Laurence H (eds) Vision and attention. Springer, New York, pp 189-207
Simons D, Wang RF, Roddenberry D (2002) Object recognition is mediated by extraretinal information. Percept Psychophys 64:521-530
Smith M, Benton S, Spalek T (2001) Attention constraints of semantic activation during visual word recognition. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 27:1289-1298
Taube-Schiff M, Segalowitz N (2005) Linguistic attention control: attention shifting governed by grammaticized elements of language. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 31:508-519
Terry WS, Burns JS (2001) Anxiety and repression in attention and retention. J Gen Psychol 128:422-432
Theeuwes J (1991) Cross-dimensional perceptual selectivity. Percept Psychophys 50:184-193
Theeuwes J (1994) Stimulus-driven capture and attentional set: selective search for color and visual abrupt onsets. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 20:799-806
Theeuwes J (2004) Top-down search strategies cannot override attentional capture. Psychon Bull Rev 11:65-70
Theeuwes J, Chen CYD (2005) Attentional capture and inhibition (of return: the effect on perceptual sensitivity. Percept Psychophys 67:1305-1312
Tremblay S, Vachon F, Jones D (2005) Attentional and perceptual sources of the auditory attentional blink. Percept Psychophys 67:195-208
Troyer AK, Craik FIM (2000) The effect of divided attention on memory for items and their context. Can J Exp Psychol 54:161-170
Varela FJ, Thompson ET, Rosch E (1991) The embodied mind. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Varela F (1999) Present time consciousness. J Conscious Stud 6:405-428
Vecera SP, Flevaris AV, Filapek JC (2004) Exogenous spatial attention influences figure-ground assignment. Psychol Sci 15:20-26
Wallace BA (1999) The Buddhist tradition of Samatha: methods for refining and examining consciousness. J Conscious Stud 6:175-187
Waszak F, Drewing K, Mausfeld R (2005) Viewer-external frames of reference in the mental transformation of 3-D objects. Percept Psychophys 67:1269-1279
Watkins E, Teasdale JD, Williams RM (2003) Contextual questions prevent mood primes from maintaining experimentally induced dysphoria. Cogn Emotion 17:455-475
Watson DG, Humphreys GW (1997) Visual marking in moving displays: feature-based inhibition in not necessary. Percept Psychophys 63:74-84
Watson DG, Humphreys GW (2005) Visual marking: the effects of irrelevant changes on preview search. Percept Psychophys 67:418-434
Wertheimer M (1921) Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt I. Psychologische Forschung 1:47-58
Williamon A, Valentine E, Valentine J (2002) Shifting the focus of attention between levels of musical structure. Eur J Cogn Psychol 14:493-520
Worthen JB, Wood VV (2001) A disruptive effect of bizarreness on memory for relational and contextual details of self-performed and other performed acts. Am J Psychol 114:535-546
Yang L-X, Lewandowsky S (2003) Context-gated knowledge partitioning in categorization. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 29:663-679
Yantis S (1993) Stimulus-driven attentional capture. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2:156-161
Zelinsky GJ, Loschky LC (2005) Eye movements serialize memory for objects in scenes. Percept Psychophys 67:676-690
Zwaan RA, Madden CJ (2004) Updating situations models. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 30:283-288
Zwaan RA, Radvansky GA (1998) Situation models in language and memory. Psychol Bull 123:162-185
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Arvidson, P.S. (2010). Attention in Context. In: Schmicking, D., Gallagher, S. (eds) Handbook of Phenomenology and Cognitive Science. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2646-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2646-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-2645-3
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-2646-0
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawPhilosophy and Religion (R0)