Abstract
To Tibetans life does not begin at birth, but rather at conception. After death, a being’s consciousness… wanders in an intermediate realm until impelled by the forces of its own karma to enter a womb at the instant of conception. Gestation is a hazardous time when women try to consume foods and seek spiritual means to prevent any harm coming to their growing baby. Once born, the child must fight for survival against daunting odds. Infancy is fraught with more hazards than any other stage of the life course, and the infant mortality rate in Nubri is frightfully high. Nearly one in every four children born alive does not live to see his or her first birthday. (Childs 2004: 38)
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Adams, Vincanne, et al. “Having a ‘Safe Delivery’: Conflicting Views from Tibet.” Health Care for Women International 26 (2005a): 821–51.
Adams, Vincanne, et al. “The Challenges of Cross-Cultural Clinical Trials Research: Case Report from the Tibetan Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 19.3 (2005b): 267–89.
Beall, Cynthia. “Adaptations to Altitude: A Current Assessment.” Annual Review of Anthropology 30 (2001): 423–56.
Beall, Cynthia. “Optimal Birth Weights in Peruvian Populations at High and Low Altitudes.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 56 (1981): 209–16.
Chertow, Jennifer. “Embodying the Nation: Childbirth in Contemporary Tibet.” Tibetan Modernities: Notes from the Field on Cultural and Social Change. Ed. Robert Barnett and Ronald Schwartz. Leiden: Brill, 2008. 75–99.
Childs, Geoff. Tibetan Diary. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.
Childs, Geoff. Tibetan Transitions: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Fertility, Family Planning, and Demographic Change. Leiden: Brill, 2008.
Childs, Geoff, et al. “Tibetan Fertility Transitions in China and South Asia.” Population and Development Review 31.2 (2005): 337–49.
Chopel, Norbu. “Tibetan Superstitions Regarding Childbirth.” Tibetan Medicine 7 (1984): 25–9.
Craig, Sienna, and Vincanne Adams. “Efficacy, Morality, and the Problem of Evidence in Tibetan Medicine.” Authenticity, Best Practice, and the Evidence Mosaic: The Challenge of Integrating Traditional East Asian Medicines into Western Health Care. Workshop Paper. London: University of Westminster, 2007.
Dang, S., et al. “Feeding Practice among Younger Tibetan Children Living at High Altitudes.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59 (2005): 1022–9.
Dang, S., et al. “Poor Nutrition Status of Younger Tibetan Children Living at High Altitudes.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58 (2004): 938–46.
Ekvall, Robert. Fields on the Hoof: Nexus of Tibetan Nomadic Pastoralism. Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, 1983.
Garrett, Frances. Embryology in the History of Tibetan Medicine: Becoming Human. New York and London: Routledge, 2008.
Goldstein, Melvyn. The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
Goldstein, Melvyn. “New Perspectives on Tibetan Fertility and Population Decline.” American Ethnologist 8.4 (1981): 721–38.
Goldstein, Melvyn, and Cynthia Beall. “China’s Birth Control Policy in the Tibet Autonomous Region: Myths and Realities.” Asian Survey 31.3 (1991): 285–303.
Grahn, D., and Kratchman J. “Variation in Neonatal Death Rate and Birth Rate in the United States and Possible Relations to Environmental Radiation, Geology and Altitude.” American Journal of Human Genetics 15 (1963): 329–52.
Gutschow, Kim. The Extension of Obstetrics in Ladakh. N.d.
Haas, Jere D. “Maternal Adaptiaton and Fetal Growth at High Altitude in Bolivia.” Social and Biological Predictors of Nutritional Status, Physical Growth, and Neurological Development. Ed. L.S. Greene and F. Johnston. New York: Academic Press, 1980. 257–90.
Harris, Nancy, et al. “Nutritional and Health Status of Tibetan Children Living at High Altitudes.” New England Journal of Medicine 344.5 (2001): 341–47.
Heydon, Susan. “The Greatest News: Khunde Hospital (Nepal) and Childbirth in a Sherpa Community.” Health, Illness, and Modernity: Social Studies of Medicine in Tibetan Contexts. Proceedings from the XIth International Association of Tibetan Studies Seminar. Ed. Mona Schrempf, Sienna Craig, Frances Garrett and Mingkyi Tshomo. Bonn: Central Asian Seminar Series, forthcoming.
Jordan, Brigitte. Birth in Four Cultures: A Crosscultural Investigation of Childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden, and the United States. Montreal: Eden Press, 1978.
Marland, Hilary, and Anne Marie Rafferty. “Introduction.” Midwives, Society and Childbirth: Debates and Controversies in the Modern Period. Ed. H. Marland and A.M. Rafferty. London: Routledge, 1997.
Meyer, Fernand. “Theory and Practice in Tibetan Medicine.” Oriental Medicine: An Illustrated Guide to the Asian Arts of Healing. Ed. Jan van Alphen and Anthony Aris. London: Serendia Publications, 1995. 109–41.
Miller, Suellen, et al. “Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Hospital Vaginal Deliveries in Tibet.” International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 98 (2007): 217–21.
Moore, Lorna. “Fetal Growth Restriction and Maternal Oxygen Transport During High Altitude Pregnancy.” High Altitude Medicine and Biology 4.2 (2003): 141–56.
Niermeyer, Susan, et al. “Arterial Oxygen Saturation in Tibetan and Han Infants Born in Lhasa, Tibet.” New England Journal of Medicine 333.19 (1995): 1248–52.
OneHEART. Annual Report: 2007. Unpublished program document. Salt Lake City, Utah, 2007.
Pathak, Nupur. “The Influence of Dietary Beliefs and Socio-Economic Factors on Maternal Health of Exile Tibetans in Contemporary Dharamsala, India. Health, Illness, and Modernity: Social Studies of Medicine in Tibetan Contexts. Proceedings from the XIth International Association of Tibetan Studies Seminar. Eds Mona Schrempf, Sienna Craig, Frances Garrett and Mingkyi Tshomo. Bonn: Central Asian Seminar Series, forthcoming.
Pordié, Laurent, and Pascale Hancart Petitet. “Birth in Shun Shade: Notes on the Role of the Amchi Regarding Childbirth.” Healing at the Periphery: Tibetan Medicine and Himalayan Societies in India. Ed. Laurent Pordié. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, forthcoming.
Sangay, Thubten. “Tibetan Traditions of Childbirth and Childcare.” Trans. Gavin Kilty. Tibetan Medicine 7.4 (1984): 3–24.
World Health Organization. Maternal Mortality in 2005: Estimates Developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and The World Bank. Geneva: World Health Organization Press, 2007.
Wiley, Andrea S. An Ecology of High-Altitude Infancy: A Biocultural Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Wiley, Andrea S. “Neonatal and Maternal Anthropometric Characteristics in a High-Altitude Himalayan Population.” American Journal of Human Biology 6 (1994): 499–510.
Yangzom, Yeshe, et al. “Outcomes of Hospital Deliveries of Women Living at High Altitude: a Study from Lhasa in Tibet.” Acta Paediatrica 97 (2008): 317–21.
Yip, Ray. “Altitude and Birth Weight.” Journal of Pediatrics 111 (1987): 869–76.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Craig, S.R. (2009). Pregnancy and Childbirth in Tibet: Knowledge, Perspectives, and Practices. In: Selin, H. (eds) Childbirth Across Cultures. Science Across Cultures: the History of Non-Western Science, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2599-9_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2599-9_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-2598-2
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-2599-9
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)