Abstract
Since 1994, when the Mercury Project gave birth to the first Internet robot [1], Internet based telerobotics has been studied by a large number of researchers around the world [2−8], attracted by the ubiquity and ever increasing opportunities offered by the Internet. Telerobotics has been studied and experienced for years, mainly for space, subsea, and nuclear applications [9, 10].
A major difficulty with telerobotics is related to communication delays, in particular if control loops have to be closed through the remote operator. The difficulties related to communication delays are especially severe in Internet based teleoperation, since delays may not only be large but also variable and unpredictable (an UDP-based protocol has been proposed in [11−13] to face this problem). Most of the literature on telerobotics actually deals with this problem [9, 11−17]. For example, the effects of Internet latencies and bandwidth were evaluated in [18], with reference to remotely programmed visual servoing experiments. Under this constraint, direct control strategies [19−21], where the remote operator closes feedback loops either on robot position or on eteroceptive sensor measures are not allowed. Therefore robot autonomy should be exploited as far as possible.
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Notes
- 1.
“Informazioni mondo reale robot”.
- 2.
“Pannello comandi”.
- 3.
“Orientamento pinza”.
- 4.
“Afferra oggetto”.
- 5.
“Sposta oggetto”.
- 6.
Posiziona oggetto”.
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Ferretti, G., Magnani, G., Rocco, P. (2009). Web-Based Industrial Robot Teleoperation: An Application. In: Tzafestas, S. (eds) Web-Based Control and Robotics Education. Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering, vol 38. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2505-0_11
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