The authors give an overview of the present state of knowledge on the genetics of panic disorder. The relevant findings from clinical and molecular genetic studies, interaction analyses as well as meta-analyses of single association studies are presented in detail with particular emphasis on candidate genes involved in the serotonergic, noradrenergic and dop-aminergic system, such as the catechol-O-methyltrans-ferase (COMT) and the serotonin receptor 1A (5-HT1A) genes. An additional special focus will be on the adenosine receptor 2A (A2A) gene, which has been found to be associated with panic disorder and also with anxiety levels after caffeine administration in a gene—environment interactional model.
Finally, the first imaging genetic findings in panic disorder as published by the authors using fMRI techniques in combination with molecular genetic association analyses are reviewed, taking into account the present intermediate phenotype discussion in the investigation of complex genetic disorders.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ, et al. The cross-national epidemiology of panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1997;54:305–309
2.Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt M. Internationale Klassifikation Psychischer Störungen; ICD-10. Bern: Huber; 1991
Saβ H, Wittchen H, Zaudig M. Handbuch der Differentialdiagnosen DSMIV. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 1999
Wittchen HU, Essau CA. Epidemiology of panic disorder: progress and unresolved issues. J Psychiatr Res 1993;27:47–68
Maier W, Lichtermann D, Minges J, et al. A controlled family study in panic disorder. J Psychiatr Res 1993;27:79–87
Hettema JM, Neale MC, Kendler KS. A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatr 2001;158:1568–1578
Vieland VJ, Goodman DW, Chapman T, et al. New segregation analysis of panic disorder. Am J Med Genet 1996;67:147–153
Lander ES, Schork NJ. Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science 1994;265:2037–2048
Crowe RR, Noyes Jr R, Wilson AF, et al. A linkage study of panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1987;44:933–937
Knowles JA, Fyer AJ, Vieland VJ, et al. Results of a genome-wide genetic screen for panic disorder. Am J Med Genet 1998;81:139–147
MacKinnon DF, Xu J, McMahon FJ, et al. Bipolar disorder and panic disorder in families: an analysis of chromosome 18 data. Am J Psychiatr 1998;155:829–831
Gelernter J, Bonvicini K, Page G, et al. Linkage genome scan for loci predisposing to panic disorder or agoraphobia. Am J Med Genet 2001;105:548–557
Hamilton SP, Fyer AJ, Durner M, et al. Further genetic evidence for a panic disorder syndrome mapping to chromosome 13q. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:2550–2555
Thorgeirsson TE, Oskarsson H, Desnica N, et al. Anxiety with panic disorder linked to chromosome 9q in Iceland. Am J Hum Genet 2003;72:1221–1230
Fyer AJ, Hamilton SP, Durner M, et al. A third-pass genome scan in panic disorder: evidence for multiple susceptibility loci. Biol Psychiatr 2006;60:388–401
Kaabi B, Gelernter J, Woods SW, et al. Genome scan for loci predisposing to anxiety disorders using a novel multivariate approach: strong evidence for a chromosome 4 risk locus. Am J Hum Genet 2006;78:543–553
Gratacòs M, Nadal M, Martín-Santos R, et al. A polymorphic genomic duplication on human chromosome 15 is a susceptibility factor for panic and phobic disorders. Cell 2001;106:367–379
Henrichsen CN, Delorme R, Boucherie M, et al. No association between DUP25 and anxiety disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004;128:80–83
Zhu G, Bartsch O, Skrypnyk C, et al. Failure to detect DUP25 in lymphoblastoid cells derived from patients with panic disorder and control individuals representing European and American populations. Eur J Hum Genet 2004;12:505–508
Schumacher J, Otte AC, Becker T, et al. No evidence for DUP25 in patients with panic disorder using a quantitative real-time PCR approach. Hum Genet 2003;114:115–117
Tabiner M, Youings S, Dennis N, et al. Failure to find DUP25 in patients with anxiety disorders, in control individuals, or in previously reported positive control cell lines. Am J Hum Genet 2003;72:535–538
Kennedy JL, Bradwejn J, Koszycki D, et al. Investigation of cholecystokinin system genes in panic disorder. Mol Psychiatr 1999;4:284–285
Hösing VG, Schirmacher A, Kuhlenbäumer G, et al. Cholecystokinin- and cholecystokinin-B-receptor gene polymorphisms in panic disorder. J Neural Transm Suppl 2004; 68:147–156
Deckert J, Catalano M, Syagailo Y V, et al. Excess of high activity monoamine oxidase A gene promoter alleles in female patients with panic disorder. Hum Mol Genet 1999;8:621–624
Maron E, Lang A, Tasa G, et al. Associations between serotonin-related gene polymorphisms and panic disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol.2005;8:261–266
Domschke K, Kuhlenbäumer G, Schirmacher A, et al. Human nuclear transcription factor gene CREM: genomic organization, mutation screening, and association analysis in panic disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003;117:70–78
Leygraf A, Hohoff C, Freitag C, et al. Rgs 2 gene polymorphisms as modulators of anxiety in humans? J Neural Transm 2006;113:1921–1925
Domschke K, Hohoff C, Jacob C, et al. Chromosome 4q31–34 panic disorder risk locus: Association of neuropep-tide Y Y5 receptor variants. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008 147B:510–516
Nakamura M, Ueno S, Sano A, et al. Polymorphisms of the human homologue of the Drosophila white gene are associated with mood and panic disorders. Mol Psychiatr 1999;4:155–162
Domschke K, Deckert J. Genetics of anxiety disorders. Current clinical and molecular research. Nervenarzt 2007;78:825–833
Axelrod J, Tomchick R. Enzymatic O-methylation of epineph-rine and other catechols. J Biol Chem 1958;233:702–705
Shulman R, Griffiths J, Diewold P. Catechol-O-methyl transferase activity in patients with depressive illness and anxiety states. Br J Psychiatr 1978;132:133–138
Simon NM, Emmanuel N, Ballenger J, et al. Bupropion sustained release for panic disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 2003;37:66–72
Remy P, Doder M, Lees A, et al. Depression in Parkinson's disease: loss of dopamine and noradrenaline innervation in the limbic system. Brain 2005;128:1314–1322.
Richard IH, Schiffer RB, Kurlan R. Anxiety and Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 1996;8:383–392
Chen J, Lipska BK, Halim N, et al. Functional analysis of genetic variation in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): effects on mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in postmortem human brain. Am J Hum Genet 2004;75:807–821.
Lachman HM, Morrow B, Shprintzen R, et al. Association of codon 108/158 catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism with the psychiatric manifestations of velo-car-dio-facial syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1996;67:468–472
Ohara K, Nagai M, Suzuki Y, et al. No association between anxiety disorders and catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism. Psychiatr Res 1998;80:145–148
Samochowiec J, Hajduk A, Samochowiec A, et al. Association studies of MAO-A, COMT, and 5-HTT genes polymorphisms in patients with anxiety disorders of the phobic spectrum. Psychiatr Res 2004;128:21–26
Hamilton SP, Slager SL, Heiman GA, et al. Evidence for a susceptibility locus for panic disorder near the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene on chromosome 22. Biol Psychiatr 2002;51:591–601
Domschke K, Freitag CM, Kuhlenbäumer G, et al. Association of the functional V158M catechol-O-methyl-transferase polymorphism with panic disorder in women. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2004;7:183–188
Rothe C, Koszycki D, Bradwejn J, et al. Association of the Val158Met catechol O-methyltransferase genetic polymorphism with panic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006;31:2237–2242
Woo JM, Yoon KS, Choi YH, et al. The association between panic disorder and the L/L genotype of catechol-O-methyl-transferase. J Psychiatr Res 2004;38:365–370
Woo JM, Yoon KS, Yu BH. Catechol O-methyltransferase genetic polymorphism in panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1785–1787
Lin PI, Vance JM, Pericak-Vance MA, et al. No gene is an island: the flip-flop phenomenon. Am J Hum Genet 2007;80:531–538
Boudikova B, Szumlanski C, Maidak B, et al. Human liver catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;48:381–389
Xie T, Ho SL, Ramsden D. Characterization and implications of estrogenic down-regulation of human catechol-O-methyltransferase gene transcription. Mol Pharmacol 1999;56:31–38
Heisler LK, Chu HM, Brennan TJ, et al. Elevated anxiety and antidepressant-like responses in serotonin 5-HT1A receptor mutant mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:15049–15054
Ramboz S, Oosting R, Amara DA, et al. Serotonin receptor 1A knockout: an animal model of anxiety-related disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:14476–14481
Lesch KP, Wiesmann M, Hoh A, et al. 5-HT1A receptor-effector system responsivity in panic disorder. Psychopharmacology 1992;106:111–117
Neumeister A, Bain E, Nugent AC, et al. Reduced serotonin type 1A receptor binding in panic disorder. J Neurosci 2004;24:589–591
Lemonde S, Turecki G, Bakish D, et al. Impaired repression at a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor gene polymorphism associated with major depression and suicide. J Neurosci 2003;23:8788–8799
Strobel A, Gutknecht L, Rothe C, et al. Allelic variation in 5-HT1A receptor expression is associated with anxiety- and depression-related personality traits. J Neural Transm 2003;110:1445–1453
Rothe C, Gutknecht L, Freitag C, et al. Association of a functional 1019C>G 5-HT1A receptor gene polymorphism with panic disorder with agoraphobia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2004;7:189–192
Charney DS, Heninger GR, Jatlow PI. Increased anxiogenic effects of caffeine in panic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:233–243
Deckert J, Nöthen MM, Franke P, et al. Systematic mutation screening and association study of the A1 and A2a adenos-ine receptor genes in panic disorder suggest a contribution of the A2a gene to the development of disease. Mol Psychiatr 1998;3:81–85
Hamilton SP, Slager SL, De Leon AB, et al. Evidence for genetic linkage between a polymorphism in the adenosine 2A receptor and panic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:558–565
Lam P, Hong CJ, Tsai SJ. Association study of A2a adenos-ine receptor genetic polymorphism in panic disorder. Neurosci Lett 2005;378:98–101
Freitag CM, Domschke K, Rothe C, et al. Interaction of serotonergic and noradrenergic gene variants in panic disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2006;16:59–65
Sand P, Lesch KP, Catalano M, et al. Polymorphic MAO-A and 5-HT-transporter genes: analysis of interactions in panic disorder. World J Biol Psychiatr 2000;1:147–150
Domschke K, Deckert J, O'donovan MC, et al. Meta-analysis of COMT val158met in panic disorder: ethnic heterogeneity and gender specificity. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007;144:667–673
Zintzaras E, Sakelaridis N. Is 472G/A catechol-O-methyl-transferase gene polymorphism related to panic disorder? Psychiatr Genet 2007;17:267–273
Blaya C, Salum GA, Lima MS, et al. Lack of association between the Serotonin Transporter Promoter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and Panic Disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Brain Funct 2007;3:41
Alsene K, Deckert J, Sand P, et al. Association between A2a receptor gene polymorphisms and caffeine-induced anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28:1694–1702
Childs E, Hohoff C, Deckert J, et al. Association between ADORA2A and DRD2 Polymorphisms and Caffeine-Induced Anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; in press
Hohoff C, McDonald JM, Baune BT, et al. Interindividual variation in anxiety response to amphetamine: possible role for adenosine A2A receptor gene variants. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005;139:42–44
Gottesman II, Gould TD. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry.2003;160:636–645
Hariri AR, Mattay VS, Tessitore A, et al. Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science 2002;297:400–403
Sakai Y, Kumano H, Nishikawa M, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism associated with a fear network in panic disorder. Neuroreport 2005;16:927–931
Javanmard M, Shlik J, Kennedy SH, et al. Neuroanatomic correlates of CCK-4-induced panic attacks in healthy humans: a comparison of two time points. Biol Psychiatr 1999;45:872–882
Pfleiderer B, Zinkirciran S, Arolt V, et al. fMRI amygdala activation during a spontaneous panic attack in a patient with panic disorder. World J Biol Psychiatr 2007;8:269–272
Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, et al. Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:6917–6922
Smolka MN, Schumann G, Wrase J, et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met genotype affects processing of emotional stimuli in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2005;25:836–842
Ekman P, Friesen W V. Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1976
Domschke K, Ohrmann P, Braun M, et al. Influence of the catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met genotype on amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex emotional processing in panic disorder. Psychiatr Res 2008;163:13–20
Domschke K, Braun M, Ohrmann P, et al. Association of the functional -1019C/G 5-HT1A polymorphism with prefrontal cortex and amygdala activation measured with 3 T fMRI in panic disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2006;9:349–355
Bishop S, Duncan J, Brett M, et al. Prefrontal cortical function and anxiety: controlling attention to threat-related stimuli. Nat Neurosci 2004;7:184–188
Northoff G, Heinzel A, Bermpohl F, et al. Reciprocal modulation and attenuation in the prefrontal cortex: an fMRI study on emotional-cognitive interaction. Hum Brain Map 2004;21:202–212
Poulton R, Andrews G, Millichamp J. Gene-environment interaction and the anxiety disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 2008;258:65–68
Stein MB, Schork NJ, Gelernter J. Gene-by-environment (serotonin transporter and childhood maltreatment) interaction for anxiety sensitivity, an intermediate phenotype for anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33:312–331
Hasler G, Drevets WC, Manji HK,et al. Discovering endo-phenotypes for major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:1765–1781
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Domschke, K., Deckert, J. (2009). Molecular and Imaging Genetic Markers in Panic Disorder. In: Ritsner, M.S. (eds) The Handbook of Neuropsychiatric Biomarkers, Endophenotypes and Genes. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2298-1_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2298-1_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-2297-4
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-2298-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)