In this chapter, we use two urban indicators to examine intra-urban inequalities in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil: the Human Development Index (HDI), from the United Nations Development Program, and the Economic Concentration Index (ECI), proposed in this study. Using district-level data, we apply Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) methods that account for spatial effects, that is, spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity. Spatial autocorrelation occurs when value similarity and locational similarity coincide. Spatial heterogeneity exists when structural changes related to location are detected in the data set, and spatial regimes may be present. We show that spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity are detected in the spatial distribution of HDI and ECI in São Paulo Municipality, and therefore intra-urban inequalities exist with respect to both urban indicators. The development level varies substantially across districts, and center and periphery are the most obvious spatial regimes characterizing this variation. The ESDA methods described in this study can be adopted by planners to examine different variables, leading to more reliable results based on statistical tests and revealing, more precisely, locations that require more/less attention.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alkire, S. (2002). Valuing freedoms: Sen’s capability approach and poverty reduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Anand, S., & Sen, A. (2000). Human development and economic sustainability.World Development, 28(12), 2029–2049.
Andersen, T., & van Kempen, R. (2001). Governing European cities: Social fragmentation, social exclusion and urban governance. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial econometrics: Methods and models. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Anselin, L. (1992). SpaceStat tutorial. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois.
Anselin, L. (1995). Local indicators of spatial association– LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27, 93–115.
Anselin, L. (1996). The Moran scatter plot as an ESDA tool to assess local instability in spatial association. In M. Fischer, H. J. Scholten, & D. Unwin (Eds.), Spatial analytical perspectives in GIS (pp. 111–125). London: Taylor & Francis.
Anselin, L. (1998). Interactive techniques and exploratory spatial data analysis. In P. A. Longley, M. F. Goodchild, D. J. Maguire, & D. W. Rhind (Eds.), Geographical information systems: Principles, techniques, management and applications (pp. 251–264). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Anselin, L. (2001). Spatial econometrics. In B. Baltagi (Ed.), A companion to theoretical econometrics (pp. 310–330). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Anselin, L. (2003). GeoDa 0.9 user’s guide. Urbana-Champaign: Spatial Analysis Laboratory, University of Illinois.
Anselin, L., & Koschinsky, J. (2005). GeoDa help system. July 6, 2005. Accessed on January 14, 2007, from http://www.geoda.uiuc.edu/support/help
Anselin, L., & Rey, S. (1991). Properties of tests for spatial dependence in linear regression models. Geographical Analysis, 23(2), 112–131.
Baller, R., Anselin, L., Messner, S., Deane, G., & Hawkins, D. (2001). Structural covariates of U.S. county homicide rates: Incorporating spatial effects. Criminology, 39(3), 561–588.
Baumont, C., Ertur, C., & Le Gallo, J. (2004). Spatial analysis of employment and population density: The case of the agglomeration of Dijon, 1999. Geographical Analysis, 36, 146–176.
Burgess, R., Carmona, M., & Kolstee, T. (1997). The challenge of sustainable cities: Neoliberalism and urban strategies in developing countries. London: Zed Books.
Câmara, G., Monteiro, A., Ramos, F., Sposati, A., & Koga D. (2004). Mapping social exclusion/inclusion in developing countries: Social dynamics of São Paulo in the 1990s. In M. F. Goodchild & D. G. Janelle (Eds.), Spatially integrated social science: Examples in best practice (pp. 223–237). New York: Oxford University Press.
Devas, N., Amis, P., Beall, J., Grant, U., Mitlin, D., Rakodi, C., et al. (2001). Urban governance and poverty: Lessons from a study of ten cases in the south. Birmingham: The School of Public Policy, University of Birmingham.
Ertur, C., & Le Gallo, J. (2003). An exploratory spatial data analysis of European disparities, 1980–1995. In B. Fingleton (Ed.), European regional growth (pp. 55–97). Berlin: Springer.
Guillain, R., Le Gallo, J., & Boiteux-Orain, C. (2006). Changes in spatial and sectoral patterns of employment in Ile-de-France, 1978–1997. Urban Studies, 43(11), 1–24.
Haddad, M. (2003). Human development and regional inequalities: Spatial analysis across Brazilian municipalities. PhD Dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
Haddad, M., & Nedović-Budić, Z. (2006). Using spatial statistics to analyze intra-urban inequalities and public intervention in São Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Human Development, 7(1), 85–109.
Haq, M. (1998). Reflections on human development. Calcutta: Oxford University Press.
Le Gallo, J., & Ertur, C. (2003). Exploratory spatial data analysis of the distribution of regional per capita GDP in Europe, 1980–1995. Papers in Regional Sciences, 82(2), 175–201.
Le Gallo, J., & Dall’Erba, S. (2006). Evaluating the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of the European convergence process, 1980–1999. Journal of Regional Science, 46(2), 269–288.
Lima, J. J. (2001). Socio-spatial segregation and urban form: Belèm at the end of the 1990s. Geoforum, 32, 493–507.
Marcuse, P., & van Kempen, R. (2000). Introduction. In P. Marcuse & R. van Kempen (Eds.), Globalizing cities: A new spatial order? (pp. 1–21). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Marcuse, P., & van Kempen, R. (2002). States, cities and the partitioning of urban space: Conclusions. In P. Marcuse & R. van Kempen (Eds.), Of states and cities: The partitioning of urban space (pp. 258–268). New York: Oxford University Press.
Messner, S., Anselin, L., Baller, R. D., Hawkins, D. F., Deane, G., & Tolnay, S. E. (1999). The spatial patterning of county homicide rates: An application of exploratory spatial data analysis. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 15(4), 423–450.
Musterd, S., & Osterndorf, W. (1998). Urban segregation and the welfare state: Inequality and exclusion in western cities. London: Routledge.
Ord, K., & Getis, A. (1995). Local spatial autocorrelation statistics: Distributional issues and an application. Geographical Analysis, 27, 286–305.
Pereira, J. M. C., Carreiras, J. M. B., & Vasconcelos, M. J. P. (1998). Exploratory data analysis of the spatial distribution of wildfires in Portugal, 1980–1989. Geographical Systems, 5, 355–390.
Portnov, B. (2002). Intra-urban inequalities and planning strategies: A case study of Bèer Sheva, Israel. International Planning Studies, 7(2), 137–156.
Ramos, R. (2002). Análise espacial de estruturas intra-urbanas: O caso de São Paulo. Masters Thesis, INPE, São José dos Campos.
Ranis, G., Stewart, F., & Ramirez, A. (2000). Economic growth and human development. World Development, 28(2), 197–219.
Rey, S. (2004). Spatial dependence in the evolution of regional income distributions. In A. Getis, J. Mur, & H. Zoeller (Eds.), Spatial econometrics and spatial statistics (pp. 194–213). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ribeiro, C., & Telles, E. (2000). Rio de Janeiro: Emerging dualization in a historically unequal city. In P. Marcuse & R. van Kempen (Eds.), Globalizing cities: A new spatial order? (pp. 78–94). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Schiffer, S. R. (2002). Economic restructuring and urban segregation in São Paulo. In P. Marcuse & R. van Kempen (Eds.), Of states and cities: The partitioning of urban space (pp. 143–169). New York: Oxford University Press.
SMDTS. (2002). Desigualdade em São Paulo: O IDH. São Paulo: Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo.
Sposati, A. (1996). Mapa da exclusão/inclusão social da cidade de São Paulo. São Paulo: EDUC.
Sposati, A. (2000). Mapa da exclusão/inclusão social/2000: Dinâmica social dos anos 90. São Paulo: Catholic University.
Talen, E., & Anselin, L. (1998). Assessing spatial equity: An evaluation of measures of accessibility to public playgrounds. Environment and Planning A, 30, 595–613.
Torres, H. G., & Gomes, C. (2002). Desigualdade educacional e segregação social. Novos Estudos Cebrap, 64, 132–140.
Torres, H. G., Marques, E., Ferreira, M. P., & Bitar S. (2003). Pobreza e espaço: Padrçes de segregacão em São Paulo. Estudos Avançados, 17(47), 97–128.
Torres, H. G., & Marques, E. (2004). Polìticas sociais e territorio: Uma abordagem metropolitana. Revista São Paulo em Perspectiva, 18(4), 28–38.
Werna, E. (2000). Combating urban inequalities: Challenges for managing cities in the developing world. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Haddad, M.A. (2009). Examining the Spatial Distribution of Urban Indicators in São Paulo, Brazil. In: Sirgy, M.J., Phillips, R., Rahtz, D.R. (eds) Community Quality-of-Life Indicators: Best Cases III. Community Quality-of Life Indicators, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2257-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2257-8_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-2256-1
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-2257-8
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)