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De motorische ontwikkeling van de zuigeling pp 59–80Cite as

De ontwikkeling van reiken en grijpen

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Abstract

Bij volwassenen kunnen aan de beweging van het pakken van een voorwerp drie verschillende componenten worden onderscheiden (Jeannerod, 1990). De eerste component is de transportbeweging van de arm die de hand naar het voorwerp brengt. Dit deel van de beweging valt in grote lijnen samen met de reikbeweging. Visuele controle is bij het transport van de hand niet noodzakelijk. De tweede component doet zich voor tijdens het tweede deel van de transportbeweging. De vingers strekken zich en de hand opent zich in anticipatie op het grijpen. De handopening bereikt een maximum en wordt vervolgens tijdens de voortgaande reikbeweging weer kleiner, zodat de handopening bij aankomst bij het voorwerp het juiste formaat en de juiste positie heeft om het voorwerp te pakken. De maximale handopening is groter naarmate de reikbeweging sneller verloopt. Bovendien is de maximale handopening tijdens een reikbeweging zonder visuele controle groter dan tijdens een reikbeweging met visuele controle. Waarschijnlijk is de maximale handopening een soort buffer, die het mogelijk maakt kleine fouten in de planning van een beweging op te vangen. De derde component is het pakken en manipuleren van het voorwerp. Deze bezigheid vereist gedifferentieerde motoriek van de verschillende vingers. Bij de eerste component zijn met name de proximale spieren van de arm betrokken, bij de tweede en derde component vooral de distale spieren, dat wil zeggen de spieren van de hand. Uit neuroanatomisch en neurofysiologisch onderzoek weten we dat de besturing van de proximale en distale spiergroepen van de arm verschillend georganiseerd is. De proximale spieren worden aangestuurd door mediaal in het ruggenmerg gelegen motorneuronen. Deze motorneuronen worden vooral door de zogenaamde mediale systemen (reticulospinale, vestibulospinale en tectospinale systemen) beïnvloed en slechts in geringe mate door het corticospinale systeem. De distale spieren daarentegen worden aangestuurd door lateraal in het ruggenmerg gelegen motorneuronen, die juist wel sterk onder invloed staan van het corticospinale systeem (Kuypers, 1981).

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Authors
  1. M. Hadders-Algra
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  2. T. Dirks
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Noten

Noten

  1. 1

    PET: Positron Emissie Tomografie, een vorm van functioneel beeldvormend onderzoek van de hersenen.

  2. 2

    Movement units zijn kinematisch gedefinieerde eenheden, waarbij elke movement unit uit een acceleratie en de daarop volgende deceleratie bestaat (Von Hofsten, 1979).

  3. 3

    SPECT: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, een in zekere mate met PET vergelijkbare methode van functioneel beeldvormend onderzoek van de hersenen.

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© 2000 Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum, Houten

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Hadders-Algra, M., Dirks, T. (2000). De ontwikkeling van reiken en grijpen. In: De motorische ontwikkeling van de zuigeling. Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, Houten. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-7059-7_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-7059-7_4

  • Publisher Name: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, Houten

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-313-3092-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-90-313-7059-7

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