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Trauma of the Central Nervous System

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Prognosis of Neurological Diseases

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Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an alteration of brain function caused by external mechanical forces. With an estimated annual incidence of up to 500 cases per 100,000 in the USA and Europe, TBI is the leading cause of death and disability among young adults.

The most prominent sign after TBI is the impairment of consciousness, and TBI is traditionally classified according to the Glasgow Coma Scale score as: Mild 12< GCS, Moderate 9≤ GCS ≤12, Severe GCS <9.

Treatment protocols of TBI are devoted to limiting secondary brain injury.

Negative prognostic factors are older age, impairment of consciousness, low GCS score, bilaterally absent pupillary light reflex, arterial hypotension and hypoxia, occurrence of any TBI-related abnormality on neuroimaging, and intracranial hematomas. Mortality of severe TBI is 25 %.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurosurgical Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Scientific Institute S. Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina, 60, Milano, 20132, Italy

    Marco Gemma & Maria Rosa Calvi

Authors
  1. Marco Gemma
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  2. Maria Rosa Calvi
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Correspondence to Marco Gemma .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fondazione “Giancarlo Quarta”, Milano, Milan, Italy

    Angelo Sghirlanzoni

  2. Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy

    Giuseppe Lauria

  3. Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy

    Luisa Chiapparini

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Gemma, M., Calvi, M.R. (2015). Trauma of the Central Nervous System. In: Sghirlanzoni, A., Lauria, G., Chiapparini, L. (eds) Prognosis of Neurological Diseases. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5755-5_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5755-5_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-5754-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-5755-5

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