Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vascular Diseases: Cerebral Hemorrhage

  • Chapter
Prognosis of Neurological Diseases

  • 1418 Accesses

Abstract

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) (10–30 % of first-ever strokes) refers to bleeding within the brain parenchyma.

It may be spontaneous or due to arteriovenous malformations (AVM), aneurisms causing subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), cavernous malformation (CM), intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs), and Moyamoya disease (MMD).

Older age, hypertension, alcohol intake, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy are all risk factors for spontaneous intracerebral bleeding.

Prognosis of ICH varies depending on:AVM: 7.4 % after microsurgery, 5.1 % after stereotactic radiosurgery, and 6.6 % after embolization.SAH and DAVFs: survivors are 65–75 % with 1/3 of survivors with permanent morbidity.Asymptomatic MMD: overall stroke risk is 3.2 %/year. Symptomatic MMD: the 5-year risk of recurrent ipsilateral stroke is 65 % if medically treated, 17 % if submitted to surgery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Broderick J, Connolly S, Feldmann E, et al, and the American Heart Association, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Stroke. 2007;38:2001–23.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, et al. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:355–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. van Asch CJ, Luitse MJA, Rinkel GJE, et al. Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(2):167–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ariesen MJ, Claus SP, Rinkel GJE, et al. Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population. Stroke. 2003;34(8):2060–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Matsukawa H, Shinoda M, Fujii M, et al. Factors associated with lobar vs. nonlobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01615.x.

  6. Wieberdink RG, Poels MMF, Vernooij MW, et al. Serum lipid levels and the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: the Rotterdam Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31(12):2982–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Martin-Schild S, Albright KC, Hallevi H, et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage in cocaine users. Stroke. 2010;41(4):680–4.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Flaherty ML. Anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Semin Neurol. 2010;30(5):565–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Biffi A, Sonni A, Anderson CD, et al. Variants at APOE influence risk of deep and lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(6):934–43.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Morgenstern LB, Hemphill JC, Anderson C, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2010;41(9):2108–29.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Steiner T, Kaste M, Forsting M, et al. Recommendations for the management of intracranial haemorrhage—part I: spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. The European Stroke Initiative Writing Committee and the Writing Committee for the EUSI Executive Committee. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;22(4):294–316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zia E, Engstrom G, Svensson PJ, et al. Three-year survival and stroke recurrence rates in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2009;40:3567–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Balami JD, Buchan AM. Complications of intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11:101–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hemphill 3rd JC, Bonovich DC, Besmertis L, et al. The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2001;32:891–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hemphill JC, Farrant M, Neill TA. Prospective validation of the ICH Score for 12-month functional outcome. Neurology. 2009;73:1088–94.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Rost NS, Smith EE, Chang Y, et al. Prediction of functional outcome in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage: the FUNC score. Stroke. 2008;39:2304–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Witsch J, Neugebauer H, Zweckberger K, Jüttler E. Primary cerebellar haemorrhage: complications, treatment and outcome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013;115(7):863–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Al-Shahi R, Fang JS, Lewis SC, Warlow CP. Prevalence of adults with brain arteriovenous malformations: a community based study in Scotland using capture-recapture analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(5):547–51.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Stapf C, Labovitz DL, Sciacca RR, et al. Incidence of adult brain arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage in a prospective population-based stroke survey. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002;13(1):43–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Stapf C, Mast H, Sciacca RR, et al. Predictors of hemorrhage in patients with untreated brain arteriovenous malformation. Neurology. 2006;66(9):1350–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hernesniemi JA, Dashti R, Juvela S, et al. Natural history of brain arteriovenous malformations: a long-term follow-up study of risk of hemorrhage in 238 patients. Neurosurgery. 2008;63(5):823–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. van Beijnum J, van der Worp HB, Buis RD, et al. Treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;306(18):2011–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mohr JP, Parides MK, Stapf C, et al. International ARUBA investigators. Medical management with or without interventional therapy for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA): a multicentre, non-blinded, randomized trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9917):614–21. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62302-8. Epub 2013 Nov 20.

  24. Caceres JA, Goldstein JN. Intracranial hemorrhage. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2012;30:771–94.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Vlak MH, Algra A, Brandenburg R, et al. Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, with emphasis on sex, age, comorbidity, country, and time period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(7):626–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Risselada R, Lingsma HF, Bauer-Mehren A, et al. Prediction of 60 day case fatality after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: results from the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT). Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25(4):261–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Rosengart AJ, Schultheiss KE, Tolentino J, et al. Prognostic factors for outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2007;38(8):2315–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Al-Shahi R, Bhattacharya JJ, Currie DG, et al. Prospective, population-based detection of intracranial vascular malformations in adults: the Scottish Intracranial Vascular Malformation Study (SIVMS). Stroke. 2003;34:1163–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Li D, Yang Y, Hao SY, Wang L, et al. Hemorrhage risk, surgical management, and functional outcome of brainstem cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg. 2013;119(4):996–1008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Batra S, Lin D, Recinos P, et al. Cavernous malformations: natural history, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2009;5:659–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Josephson CB, Salman RAS. Hemorrhage: new and recurrent. In: Cavernous malformations of the nervous system. ed. Daniele Rigamonti. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Kupersmith M, Kalish H, Epstein F, et al. Natural history of brainstem cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery. 2001;48:47–53; discussion 53–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Labauge P, Brunereau L, Laberge S, et al. Prospective follow-up of 33 asymptomatic patients with familial cerebral cavernous malformations. Neurology. 2001;57:1825–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Luciani A, Houdart E, Mounayer C, et al. Spontaneous closure of dural arteriovenous fistulas: report of three cases and review of the literature. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22:992–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Daniels DJ, Vellimana AK, Zipfel GJ, Lanzino G. Intracranial hemorrhage from dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical features and outcome. Neurosurg Focus. 2013;34(5):E15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kuriyama S, Kusaka Y, Fujimura M, et al. Prevalence and clinicoepidemiological features of moyamoya disease in Japan: findings from a nationwide epidemiological survey. Stroke. 2008;39:42–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Pandey P, Steinberg GK. Neurosurgical advances in the treatment of moyamoya disease. Stroke. 2011;42:3304–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Jang DK, Lee KS, Rha HK, Huh PW, et al. Clinical and angiographic features and stroke types in adult moyamoya disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35(6):1124–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Liu W, Zhu S, Wang X, et al. Evaluation of angiographic changes of the anterior choroidal and posterior communicating arteries for predicting cerebrovascular lesions in adult Moyamoya disease. J Clin Neurosci. 2011;18:374–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kuroda S, Hashimoto N, Yoshimoto T, Iwasaki Y. Radiological findings, clinical course, and outcome in asymptomatic moyamoya disease: results of multicenter survey in Japan. Stroke. 2007;38:1430–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hallemeier CL, Rich KM, Grubb Jr RL, et al. Clinical features and outcome in North American adults with moyamoya phenomenon. Stroke. 2006;37:1490–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Miyamoto S, Yoshimoto T, Hashimoto N, et al. JAM Trial Investigators. Effects of extracranial-intracranial bypass for patients with hemorrhagic moyamoya disease: results of the Japan Adult Moyamoya Trial. Stroke. 2014;45(5):1415–21.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, 20133, Italy

    Luigi Caputi, Anna Bersano & Eugenio Agostino Parati

Authors
  1. Luigi Caputi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anna Bersano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Eugenio Agostino Parati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luigi Caputi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fondazione “Giancarlo Quarta”, Milano, Milan, Italy

    Angelo Sghirlanzoni

  2. Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy

    Giuseppe Lauria

  3. Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy

    Luisa Chiapparini

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Caputi, L., Bersano, A., Parati, E.A. (2015). Vascular Diseases: Cerebral Hemorrhage. In: Sghirlanzoni, A., Lauria, G., Chiapparini, L. (eds) Prognosis of Neurological Diseases. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5755-5_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5755-5_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-5754-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-5755-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation