Abstract
Cross-sectional imaging modalities, such as high-resolution ultrasound (US), multi-row-detector computed tomography (MDCT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), have made considerable advances and contribute to robust biliary imaging with higher temporal and spatial resolution. Therefore, those noninvasive, cross-sectional imaging modalities are more frequently used for diagnosis and tumor staging, whereas invasive examinations, including diagnostic percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), and endoscopic US (EUS), have become less important [1, 2]. However, improvements in technical aspects of PTC and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) have led to the development of various interventional biliary procedures performed via both percutaneous and endoscopic routes.
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Choi, B.I. (2014). Diseases of the Gallbladder and Biliary Tree: Emphasis on Neoplasms. In: Hodler, J., von Schulthess, G.K., Kubik-Huch, R.A., Zollikofer, C.L. (eds) Diseases of the Abdomen and Pelvis 2014–2017. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5659-6_13
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