Abstract
Intravenous retrograde anesthesia (IVRA) of the limbs is an anesthesiological technique performed for the first time by Bier in 1908, who enjoyed a certain measure of success only after 1946, which was the year when new, less toxic local anesthetics became available on the market.
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© 2014 Springer-Verlag Italia
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Raffa, M., Greco, M., Barbati, A. (2014). Intravenous Retrograde Anesthesia. In: Alemanno, F., Bosco, M., Barbati, A. (eds) Anesthesia of the Upper Limb. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5418-9_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5418-9_12
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