Skip to main content

Hemostatic Procedures in the Bleeding Anastomosis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Endoscopic Follow-up of Digestive Anastomosis
  • 693 Accesses

Abstract

The published evidence is scant to guide the endoscopist when faced with a postsurgical intraluminal hemorrhage. Although less common than bleeding peptic ulcers, the endoscopist should be familiar with some issues which are peculiar to bleeding from the anastomotic site. As usual the management of bleeding is team effort with attention to resuscitation and stabilization of the patient followed by a prompt endoscopy aiming to (1) identify the source of hemorrhage, (2) stop the bleeding, (3) assess the risk of rebreeding, and (4) outline a strategy of how the case should be managed if bleeding cannot be stopped or recurs. As the small bowel anastomosis is thin, the endoscopist should be careful in the use of thermal therapies. There is evidence that the use of clips is preferable over thermal therapy at this location.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Callery CD, Filiciotto S, Neil KL (2012) Collagen matrix staple line reinforcement in gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis 8(2):185–189

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Oida T, Kano H, Mimatsu K, Kawasaki A, Kuboi Y, Fukino N, Kida K, Amano S (2012) Gastric marginal ulcer after pancreaticoduodenectomy with pancreaticogastrostomy due to delayed gastric emptying and Helicobacter pylori infection. Hepatogastroenterology 59(115):899–902

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Podnos YD, Jimenez JC, Wilson SE et al (2003) Complications after laparoscopic gastric bypass: a review of 3464 cases. Arch Surg 138:957–961

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Mehran A, Szomstein S, Zundel N et al (2003) Management of acute bleeding after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg 13:842–847

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kim KM, An JY, Kim HI, Cheong JH, Hyung WJ, Noh SH (2012) Major early complications following open, laparoscopic and robotic gastrectomy. Br J Surg 99(12):1681–1687

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Shermak MA (2006) Hernia repair and abdominoplasty in gastric bypass patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 117:1145–1150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kalaiselvan R, Exarchos G, Hamza N, Ammori BJ (2012) Incidence of perforated gastrojejunal anastomotic ulcers after laparoscopic gastric bypass for morbid obesity and role of laparoscopy in their management. Surg Obes Relat Dis 8(4):423–428

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Crea N, Pata G, Di Betta E, Greco F, Casella C, Vilardi A, Mittempergher F (2011) Long-term results of biliopancreatic diversion with or without gastric preservation for morbid obesity. Obes Surg 21(2):139–145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Arlt G, Peiper C, Winkeltau G, Schumpelick V (1994) Anastomotic ulcers after duodenopancreatectomy for carcinoma of the head of the pancreas]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 106(22):713–717

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Turner D, Martin S, Ngan BY, Grant D, Sherman PM (2006) Anastomotic ulceration following small bowel transplantation. Am J Transplant 6(1):236–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Chari ST, Keate RF (2000) Ileocolonic anastomotic ulcers: a case series and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol 95(5):1239–1243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kirchhoff P, Dincler S, Buchmann P (2008) A multivariate analysis of potential risk factors for intra- and postoperative complications in 1316 elective laparoscopic colorectal procedures. Ann Surg 248:259–265

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Steinemann DC, Schiesser M, Clavien PA, Nocito A (2011) Laparoscopic gastric pouch and remnant resection: a novel approach to refractory anastomotic ulcers after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: case report. BMC Surg 11:33

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kitagawa M, Ikoma H, Ochiai T, Ishii H, Shiozaki A, Kuriu Y, Nakanishi M, Ichikawa D, Okamoto K, Fujiwara H, Sakakura C, Kokuba Y, Sonoyama T, Otsuji E (2012) Total pancreatectomy for pancreatic carcinoma: evaluation of safety and efficacy. Hepatogastroenterology 59(115):907–910

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Piazza L, Ferrara F, Leanza S, Coco D, Sarva S, Bellia A, Di Stefano C, Basile F, Biondi A (2011) Laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass: short-term single-institute experience. Updates Surg 63(4):239–242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Safioleas MC, Moulakakis KG, Andromanakos NP, Lygidakis NJ (2005) How necessary is vagotomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy and total pancreatectomy. Hepatogastroenterology 52(61):251–252

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Nguyen NT, Rivers R, Wolfe BM (2003) Early gastrointestinal hemorrhage after laparoscopic gastric bypass. Obes Surg 13:62–65

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Rosenthal RJ, Szomstein S, Kennedy CI et al (2006) Laparoscopic surgery for morbid obesity: 1,001 consecutive bariatric operations performed at the Bariatric Institute. Clevel Clin Fla Obes Surg 16:119–124

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bellorin O, Abdemur A et al (2011) Understanding the significance, reasons and patterns of abnormal vital signs after gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Obes Surg 21:707–713

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Lieto E, Orditura M, Castellano P, Pinto M, Zamboli A, De Vita F, Pignatelli C, Galizia G (2011) Endoscopic intraoperative anastomotic testing may avoid early gastrointestinal anastomotic complications. A prospective study. J Gastrointest Surg 15(1):145–152

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Cingi A, Yavuz Y (2011) Intraoperative endoscopic assessment of the pouch and anastomosis during laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg 21(10):1530–1534

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Thomopoulos KC, Mitropoulos JA, Katsakoulis EC, Vagianos CE, Mimidis KP, Hatziargiriou MN, Nikolopoulou VN (2001) Factors associated with failure of endoscopic injection haemostasis in bleeding peptic ulcers. Scand J Gastroenterol 36(6):664–668

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lim SG, Lee KM, Kim SS, Kim JS, Hwang JC, Shin SJ, Han SU, Kim JH, Cho SW (2012) Endoscopic approach for postoperative complications following laparoscopic-assisted gastrectomy in early gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 59(116):1308–1312

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Iannelli A, Amato D, Addeo P, Buratti MS, Damhan M, Ben Amor I, Sejor E, Facchiano E, Gugenheim J (2008) Laparoscopic conversion of vertical banded gastroplasty (Mason MacLean) into Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg 18(1):43–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Chak A et al (2001) Effectiveness of endoscopy in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with upper GI hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc 53:6–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Cappell MS, Friedel D (2008) Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: endoscopic diagnosis and therapy. Med Clin North Am 92:511–550

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Romagnuolo J, Barkun AN, Enns R, Armstrong D, Gregor J (2007) Simple clinical predictors may obviate urgent endoscopy in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Arch Intern Med 167:265–270

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Freeman ML (1997) Stigmata of hemorrhage in bleeding ulcers. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 7:559–574

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kovacs TO, Jensen DM (2007) Endoscopic treatment of ulcer bleeding. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 10:143–148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Chung SC, Leung JW, Steele RJ, Crofts TJ, Li AK (1988) Endoscopic injection of adrenaline for actively bleeding ulcers: a randomized trial. Br Med J 296:1631–1633

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kovacs TO (2008) Management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 10:535–542

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Savides TJ, Jensen DM (2000) Therapeutic endoscopy for nonvariceal gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 29:465–487

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kahi CJ et al (2005) Endoscopic therapy versus medical therapy for bleeding peptic ulcer with adherent clot: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 129:855–862

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Calvet X, Vergara M, Brullet E, Gisbert JP, Campo R (2004) Addition of a second endoscopic treatment following epinephrine injection improves outcome in high-risk bleeding ulcers. Gastroenterology 126:441–450

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Lin HJ et al (2002) A prospective, randomized trial of large- versus small-volume endoscopic injection of epinephrine for peptic ulcer bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 55:615–619

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Chung SCS, Seong HAT, Chan ACW et al (1996) Epinephrine or epinephrine plus alcohol for injection of bleeding ulcers. Gastrointest Endosc 43:591–595

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lee GH, Kim JH, Lee KJ et al (2000) Life-threatening intraabdominal arterial embolization after histoacryl. Injection for bleeding gastric ulcer. Endoscopy 32(5):422–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Rutgeerts P, Rauws E, Wara P et al (1997) Randomised trial of single and repeated fibrin glue compares with injection of polidocanol in treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer. Lancet 350:662–696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Pescatore P, Jornod P, Borovicka J et al (2002) Epinephrine versus epinephrine plus fibrin glue injection in peptic ulcer bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 55:348–353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Chida T, Kageyama F, Yamada M, Yoshii S, Honjo Y et al (2010) Hemorrhage from varices of an interposed jejunum after choledochojejunostomy treated successfully by endoscopic injection using α-cyanoacrylate monomer. Jpn J Gastroenterol 107(10):1661–1668

    Google Scholar 

  41. Cipolletta L, Bianco MA, Marmo R et al (2001) Endoclips versus heater probe in preventing early recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcer. Gastrointest Endosc 53:147–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Gevers AM, Goede ED, Mimoens M et al (2002) A randomized trial comparing injection therapy with hemoclip and with injection combined with hemoclip for bleeding ulcers. Gastrointest Endosc 55:466–469

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Andriulli A et al (2005) Proton-pump inhibitors and outcome of endoscopic hemostasis in bleeding peptic ulcers: a series of meta-analyses. Am J Gastroenterol 100:207–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Green FW Jr, Kaplan MM, Curtis LE, Levine PH (1978) Effect of acid and pepsin on blood coagulation and platelet aggregation: a possible contributor to prolonged gastroduodenal mucosal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 74:38–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lau JY et al (2007) Omeprazole before endoscopy in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med 356:1631–1640

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Leontiadis GI et al (2007) Systematic reviews of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Health Technol Assess 11:1–164

    Google Scholar 

  47. Lee YC, Wang HP, Yang CS et al (2002) Endoscopic hemostasis of a bleeding marginal ulcer: hemoclipping or dual therapy with epinephrine injection and heater probe thermocoagulation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:1220–1225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Laine L, Cook D (1995) Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 123:280–287

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Olmos JA et al (2006) Long-term outcome of argon plasma ablation therapy for bleeding in 100 consecutive patients with colonic angiodysplasia. Dis Colon Rectum 49:1507–1516

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Weinstock LB, Shatz BA (1994) Endoscopic abnormalities of the anastomosis following resection of colonic neoplasm. Gastrointest Endosc 40:558–561

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Cirocco WC, Golub RW (1995) Endoscopic treatment of postoperative hemorrhage from a staples colorectal anastomosis. Am Surg 61:460–463

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bjorn Rembacken MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rembacken, B. (2014). Hemostatic Procedures in the Bleeding Anastomosis. In: Galloro, G. (eds) Endoscopic Follow-up of Digestive Anastomosis. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5370-0_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5370-0_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-5369-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-5370-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics