Abstract
This chapter will discuss basic ultrasound physics in a simple practical approach that is relevant to non-radiologists. Medical ultrasound machines generate and receive ultrasound waves through the transducer. Waves are sent vertical to the surface of the transducer. By curving the surface of the transducer, it is possible to widen the area of the studied field. B mode (brightness mode) is the main mode that is used in trauma patients. This mode gives black and white images. It produces two-dimensional (2D) images depending on the site of the anatomical section. The denser the studied tissue is, the more it reflects ultrasound waves and the brighter it is on the image. Fluid will be black, soft tissue will be gray, fibrous tissues will be white without shadow, and solid material will be white with an acoustic shadow. Imaging one line over time is called the moving mode (M mode). Common artifacts encountered by the sonographer include shadow artifact, enhancement artifact, edge artifact, mirror artifact, and reverberation artifact. The operator should be familiar with their ultrasound machine, the type of transducers used, how to control its outcome by using basic buttons, and, more importantly, how to correlate sonographic findings with clinical findings.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Suggested Reading
Feldman MK, Katyal S, Blackwood MS (2009) US artifacts. Radiographics 29:1179–1189
Hangiandreou NJ (2003) AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents. Topics in US: B-mode US: basic concepts and new technology. Radiographics 23:1019–1033
Lichtenstein DA (2010) Basic notions in critical ultrasound. In: Lichtenstein DA (ed) Whole body ultrasonography in the critically ill. Springer, New York, pp 3–10
Muglia V, Cooperberg PL (1998) Artifacts. In: McGahan JP, Goldberg BB (eds) Diagnostic ultrasound, a logical approach. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, pp 21–37
Rose JS (1997) Ultrasound physics and knobology. In: Simon BC, Snoey ER (eds) Ultrasound in emergency and ambulatory medicine. Mosby-Year book Inc., St Louis, pp 10–38
Rose JS, Bair AE (2006) Fundamentals of ultrasound. In: Cosby KS, Kendall JL (eds) Practical guide to emergency ultrasound. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 27–41
Schuler A (2008) Image artifacts and pitfalls. In: Mathis G (ed) Chest sonography, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, pp 175–182
Wells PNT (1998) Physics and bioeffects. In: McGahan JP, Goldberg BB (eds) Diagnostic ultrasound, a logical approach. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, pp 1–19
Whittingham TA (2007) Medical diagnostic applications and sources. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 93:84–110
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Abu-Zidan, F.M. (2014). Basic Ultrasound Physics, Instrumentation, and Knobology. In: Zago, M. (eds) Essential US for Trauma: E-FAST. Ultrasound for Acute Care Surgeons. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5274-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5274-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-5273-4
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-5274-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)