Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Kanakis G, Kaltsas G (2012) Biochemical markers for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs). Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 26:791–802
Modlin IM, Gustafsson BI, Moss SF et al (2010) Chromogranin A biological function and clinical utility in neuro endocrine tumor disease. Ann Surg Oncol 17(9):2427–2443
Taupenot L, Harper KL, O’Connor DT (2003) The chromogranin-secretogranin family. N Engl J Med 348(12): 1134–1149
Jensen RT (1999) Overview of chronic diarrhea caused by functional neuroendocrine neoplasms. Semin Gastrointest Dis 10(4): 156–172
Woltering EA, Hilton RS, Zolfoghary CM et al (2006) Validation of serum versus plasma measurements of chromogranin A levels in patients with carcinoid tumors: lack of correlation between absolute chromogranin A levels and symptom frequency. Pancreas 33(3):250–254
Stridsberg M, Eriksson B, Oberg K, Janson ET (2003) A comparison between three commercial kits for chromogranin A measurements. J Endocrinol 177(2):337–341
Lawrence B, Gustafsson BI, Kidd M et al (2011) The clinical relevance of chromogranin A as a biomarker for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 40(1): 111–134, viii
Sciarra A, Di SF, Autran AM et al (2009) Distribution of high chromogranin A serum levels in patients with nonmetastatic and metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. Urol Int 82(2): 147–151
Sobol RE, O’Connor DT, Addison J et al (1986) Elevated serum chromogranin A concentrations in small-cell lung carcinoma. Ann Intern Med 105(5): 698–700
Giovanella L, Marelli M, Ceriani L et al (2001) Evaluation of chromogranin A expression in serum and tissues of breast cancer patients. Int J Biol Markers 16(4):268–272
Gulubova M, Vlaykova T (2008) Chromogranin A-, serotonin-, synaptophysin- and vascular endothelial growth factor-positive endocrine cells and the prognosis of colorectal cancer: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23(10): 1574–1585
Malaguarnera M, Cristaldi E, Cammalleri L et al (2009) Elevated chromogranin A (CgA) serum levels in the patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 48(2):213–217
Giusti M, Sidoti M, Augeri C et al (2004) Effect of short-term treatment with low dosages of the proton-pump inhibitor omeprazole on serum chromogranin A levels in man. Eur J Endocrinol 150(3):299–303
Grimaldi F, Fazio N, Attanasio R et al (2014) Italian Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AME) position statement: a stepwise clinical approach to the diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. J Endocrinol Invest 37(9):875–909
Kulke MH, Shah MH, Benson AB III et al (2015) Neuroendocrine tumors, version 1.2015. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 13(1):78–108
Kunz PL, Reidy-Lagunes D, Anthony LB et al (2013) Consensus guidelines for the management and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. Pancreas 42(4): 557–577
Oberg K, Knigge U, Kwekkeboom D, Perren A (2012) Neuroendocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic tumors: ESMO Clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 23(Suppl 7):vii124–vii130
Falconi M, Eriksson B, Kaltsas G et al (2016) ENETS Consensus guidelines update for the management of patients with functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology 103(2): 153–171
Niederle B, Pape UF, Costa F et al (2016) ENETS Consensus guidelines update for neuroendocrine neoplasms of the jejunum and ileum. Neuroendocrinology 103(2): 125–138
Yang X, Yang Y, Li Z et al (2015) Diagnostic value of circulating chromogranin a for neuroendocrine tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 10(4):e0124884
Bajetta E, Ferrari L, Martinetti A et al (1999) Chromogranin A, neuron specific enolase, carcinoembryonic antigen, and hydroxyindole acetic acid evaluation in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer 86(5):858–865
Panzuto F, Severi C, Cannizzaro R et al (2004) Utility of combined use of plasma levels of chromogranin A and pancreatic polypeptide in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine tumors. J Endocrinol Invest 27(1):6–11
Cimitan M, Buonadonna A, Cannizzaro R et al (2003) Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy versus chromogranin A assay in the management of patients with neuroendocrine tumors of different types: clinical role. Ann Oncol 14(7): 1135–1141
Berna MJ, Hoffmann KM, Long SH et al (2006) Serum gastrin in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: II. Prospective study of gastrin provocative testing in 293 patients from the National Institutes of Health and comparison with 537 cases from the literature. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria, proposal of new criteria, and correlations with clinical and tumoral features. Medicine (Baltimore) 85(6):331–364
Massironi S, Rossi RE, Casazza G et al (2014) Chromogranin A in diagnosing and monitoring patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: a large series from a single institution. Neuroendocrinology 100(2–3): 240–249
Massironi S, Conte D, Sciola V et al (2010) Plasma chromogranin A response to octreotide test: prognostic value for clinical outcome in endocrine digestive tumors. Am J Gastroenterol 105(9):2072–2078
Yu CE, Oshima J, Hisama FM, Matthews S et al (1996) A YAC, P1, and cosmid contig and 17 new polymorphic markers for the Werner syndrome region at 8p12–p21. Genomics 35(3):431–440
O’Toole D, Grossman A, Gross D et al (2009) ENETS Consensus guidelines for the standards of care in neuroendocrine tumors: biochemical markers. Neuroendocrinology 90(2): 194–202
Yao JC, Phan AT, Chang DZ et al (2008) Efficacy of RAD001 (everolimus) and octreotide LAR in advanced low- to intermediate-grade neuroendocrine tumors: results of a phase II study. J Clin Oncol 26(26):4311–4318
Yao JC, Pavel M, Phan AT et al (2011) Chromogranin A and neuron-specific enolase as prognostic markers in patients with advanced pNET treated with everolimus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(12):3741–3749
Jensen EH, Kvols L, McLoughlin JM et al (2007) Biomarkers predict outcomes following cytoreductive surgery for hepatic metastases from functional carcinoid tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 14(2):780–785
Rossi RE, Garcia-Hernandez J, Meyer T et al (2015) Chromogranin A as a predictor of radiological disease progression in neuroendocrine tumours. Ann Transl Med 3(9): 118
Franjevic A, Pavicevic R, Bubanovic G (2012) Differences in initial NSE levels in malignant and benign diseases of the thoracic wall. Clin Lab 58(3–1):245–252
Vinik AI, Silva MP, Woltering EA et al (2009) Biochemical testing for neuroendocrine tumors. Pancreas 38(8):876–889
Nobels FR, Kwekkeboom DJ, Coopmans W et al (1997) Chromogranin A as serum marker for neuroendocrine neoplasia: comparison with neuron-specific enolase and the alpha-subunit of glycoprotein hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82(8): 2622–2628
Oberg K, Krenning E, Sundin A et al (2016) A Delphic consensus assessment: imaging and biomarkers in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor disease management. Endocr Connect 5(5): 174–187
Oberg K, Modlin IM, De HW et al (2015) Consensus on biomarkers for neuroendocrine tumour disease. Lancet Oncol 16(9):e435–e446
Razzore P, Arnaldi G (2016) Circulating neuroendocrine tumors biomarkers. Why? When? How? Suggestions for clinical practice from guidelines and consensus. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2:348–356
Oberg K (2011) Circulating biomarkers in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Endocr Relat Cancer 18(Suppl 1):S17–S25
Shah T, Srirajaskanthan R, Bhogal M et al (2008) Alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotrophin-beta as prognostic markers in neuroendocrine tumour patients. Br J Cancer 99(1):72–77
Khan MS, Kirkwood AA, Tsigani T et al (2016) Early changes in circulating tumor cells are associated with response and survival following treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Clin Cancer Res 22(1):79–85
Modlin IM, Drozdov I, Kidd M (2013) The identification of gut neuroendocrine tumor disease by multiple synchronous transcript analysis in blood. PLoS One 8(5):e63364
Modlin IM, Drozdov I, Alaimo D et al (2014) A multianalyte PCR blood test outperforms single analyte ELISAs (chromogranin A, pancreastatin, neurokinin A) for neuroendocrine tumor detection. Endocr Relat Cancer 21(4):615–628
Kema, IP, de Vries, EG, Muskiet, FA (1995) Measurement of 5-HIAA in urine. Ann Clin Biochem 32 (Pt 1): 102–104
Mashige, F, Matsushima, Y, Kanazawa, H et al (1996) Acidic catecholamine metabolites and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in urine: the influence of diet. Ann Clin Biochem 33 (Pt 1):43–49
Feldman JM (1986) Urinary serotonin in the diagnosis of carcinoid tumors. Clin Chem 32(5):840–844
Kema IP, Schellings AM, Meiborg G et al (1992) Influence of a serotonin- and dopaminerich diet on platelet serotonin content and urinary excretion of biogenic amines and their metabolites. Clin Chem 38(9): 1730–1736
Meijer WG, Kema IP, Volmer M et al (2000) Discriminating capacity of indole markers in the diagnosis of carcinoid tumors. Clin Chem 46(10): 1588–1596
Cleare AJ, Keating J, Ealing J, Sherwood RA (1997) A case of coeliac disease detected via raised 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Ann Clin Biochem 34 (Pt 4):440–441
Bearcroft CP, Perrett D, Farthing MJ (1998) Postprandial plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine in diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study. Gut 42(1):42–46
Berna MJ, Hoffmann KM, Serrano J et al (2006) Serum gastrin in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: I. Prospective study of fasting serum gastrin in 309 patients from the National Institutes of Health and comparison with 2229 cases from the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 85(6):295–330
Jensen RT, Niederle B, Mitry E et al (2006) Gastrinoma (duodenal and pancreatic). Neuroendocrinology 84(3): 173–182
Ito T, Cadiot G, Jensen RT (2012) Diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: increasingly difficult. World J Gastroenterol 18(39): 5495–5503
Jensen RT (1996) Gastrointestinal endocrine tumors. Gastrinoma Bailliere’s Clin Gastroenterol 10:555–766
Jensen, RT, Norton, JA (2010) Endocrine tumors of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. In: Feldman, M, Friedman L, Brandt L (eds) Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and liver disease, 9th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 491–522
Frucht H, Howard JM, Slaff JI et al (1989) Secretin and calcium provocative tests in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. A prospective study. Ann Intern Med 111(9):713–722
Frucht H, Howard JM, Stark HA et al (1989) Prospective study of the standard meal provocative test in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Am J Med 87(5):528–536
Roy PK, Venzon DJ, Feigenbaum KM et al (2001) Gastric secretion in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Correlation with clinical expression, tumor extent and role in diagnosis - a prospective NIH study of 235 patients and a review of 984 cases in the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 80(3): 189–222
Metz DC (2012) Diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 10(2): 126–130
Pellicano R, De Angelis C, Resegotti A, Rizzetto M (2006) Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in 2006: concepts from a clinical point of view. Panminerva Med 48(1):33–40
Wada M, Komoto I, Doi R, Imamura M (2002) Intravenous calcium injection test is a novel complementary procedure in differential diagnosis for gastrinoma. World J Surg 26(10): 1291–1296
Shibata C, Kakyo M, Kinouchi M et al (2013) Criteria for the glucagon provocative test in the diagnosis of gastrinoma. Surg Today 43(11): 1281–1285
Service FJ (1995) Hypoglycemic disorders N Engl J Med 332(17): 1144–1152
Grant CS (2005) Insulinoma. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 19(5):783–798
Cryer PE, Axelrod L, Grossman AB et al (2009) Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(3):709–728
Service FJ, Dale AJ, Elveback LR, Jiang NS (1976) Insulinoma: clinical and diagnostic features of 60 consecutive cases. Mayo Clin Proc 51(7):417–429
Hirshberg B, Skarulis MC, Pucino F et al (2001) Repaglinide-induced factitious hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(2):475–477
Hoff AO, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R (1998) The role of glucagon administration in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with tumor hypoglycemia. Cancer 82(8): 1585–1592
Iida K, Ohara T, Hino Y et al (2010) Glucose-responsive insulinoma in a patient with postprandial hypoglycemia in the morning. Intern Med 49(19):2123–2127
Vinik AI, Strodel WE, Eckhauser FE et al (1987) Somatostatinomas, PPomas, neurotensinomas. Semin Oncol 14(3): 263–281
Metz DC, Jensen RT (2008) Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: pancreatic endocrine tumors. Gastroenterology 135(5): 1469–1492
Nikou GC, Toubanakis C, Nikolaou P et al (2005) VIPomas: an update in diagnosis and management in a series of 11 patients. Hepatogastroenterology 52(64): 1259–1265
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Appetecchia, M., Lauretta, R., Rota, F., Carlini, M. (2018). Neuroendocrine Tumors Biomarkers. In: Carlini, M. (eds) Abdominal Neuroendocrine Tumors. Updates in Surgery. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-3955-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-3955-1_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-3954-4
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-3955-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)