Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neuroendocrine Tumors: a Nosologic Framework

  • Chapter
Abdominal Neuroendocrine Tumors

Part of the book series: Updates in Surgery ((UPDATESSURG))

  • 950 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Rehfeld JF (1998) The new biology of gastrointestinal hormones. Physiol Rev 78(4): 1087–1108

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kim JY, Hong SM (2016) Recent updates on neuroendocrine tumors from the gastrointestinal and pancreatobiliary tracts. Arch Pathol Lab Med May 140(5):437–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Schonhoff SE, Giel-Moloney M, Leiter AB (2004) Mini review: development and differentiation of gut endocrine cells. Endocrinology 145(6):2639–2644

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Mace OJ, Tehan B, Marshall F (2015) Pharmacology and physiology of gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 3(4):e00155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Gunawardene AR, Corfe BM and Staton CA (2011) Classification and functions of enteroendocrine cells of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Int J Exp Pathol 92(4):219–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Varndell IM, Lloyd RV, Wilson BS, Polak JM (1985) Ultrastructural localization of chromogranin: a potential marker for the electron microscopical recognition of endocrine cell secretory granules. Histochem J 17(9):981–992

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Borges R, Diaz-Vera J, Dominguez N et al (2010) Chromogranins as regulators of exocytosis. J Neurochem 114(2):335–343

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Rindi G, Efrat S, Ghatei MA et al (1991) Glucagonomas of transgenic mice express a wide range of general neuroendocrine markers and bioactive peptides. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 419(2):115–129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Solcia E, Vanoli A (2014) Histogenesis and natural history of gut neuroendocrine tumors: present status. Endocr Pathol 25(2):165–170

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Latorre R, Stemini C, De Giorgio R, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B (2016) Enteroendocrine cells: a review of their role in brain-gut communication. Neurogastroenterol Motil 28(5):620–630

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Buffa R, Capella C, Fontana P et al (1978) Types of endocrine cells in the human colon and rectum. Cell Tissue Res 192(2):227–240

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Rindi G, Leiter AB, Kopin AS et al (2004) The “normal” endocrine cell of the gut. Changing concepts and new evidences. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1014:1–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Sjölund K, Sandén G, Håkanson R, Sundler F (1983) Endocrine cells in human intestine: an immunocytochemical study. Gastroenterology 85(5):1120–1130

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Chetty R (2008) An overview of practical issues in the diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 132(8):1285–1289

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Rindi G, Arnold R, Bosman FT et al (2010) Nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) WHO Classification of tumours of the digestive system, 4th edn. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 13–14

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ito T, Igarashi H, Jensen RT (2012) Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: clinical features, diagnosis and medical treatment: advances. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 26(6): 737–753

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. O’Toole D, Delle Fave G, Jensen RT (2012) Gastric and duodenal neuroendocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 26(6):719–735

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Yacoub WR, Thomson AB, Hooper P, Jewell LD (1996) Immunocytochemical and morphometric studies of gastrin-, somatostatin- and serotonin-producing cells in the stomach and duodenum of patients with acid peptic disorders. Can J Gastroenterol 10(6):395–400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Okubo, Y, Wakayama, M, Nemoto, T et al (2011) Literature survey on epidemiology and pathology of gangliocytic paraganglioma. BMC Cancer 11:187

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Yao JC, Eisner MP, Leary C et al (2007) Population-based study of islet cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 14(12):3492–3500

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Kim MK, Warner RR, Roayaie S et al (2013) Revised staging classification improves outcome prediction for small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors. J Clin Oncol 31(30):3776–3781

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Gui X, Qin L, Gao ZH et al (2011) Goblet cell carcinoids at extraappendiceal locations of gastrointestinal tract: an underrecognized diagnostic pitfall. J Surg Oncol 103(8):790–795

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Chagpar R, Chiang YJ, Xing Y et al (2013) Neuroendocrine tumors of the colon and rectum: prognostic relevance and comparative performance of current staging systems. Ann Surg Oncol 20(4):1170–1178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Yao GY, Zhou JL, Lai MD et al (2003) Neuroendocrine markers in adenocarcinomas: an investigation of 356 cases. World J Gastroenterol 9(4):858–861

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Yao JC, Hassan M, Phan A et al (2008) One hundred years after “carcinoid”: epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. J Clin Oncol 26(18):3063–3072

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lawrence B, Gustafsson BI, Chan A et al (2011) The epidemiology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 40(1):1–18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Faggiano A, Ferolla P, Grimaldi F et al (2012) Natural history of gastro-entero-pancreatic and thoracic neuroendocrine tumors. Data from a large prospective and retrospective Italian epidemiological study: the NET management study. J Endocrinol Invest 35(9):817–823

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. AIRTUM Working Group (2016) The burden of rare cancers in Italy. Epidemiologia e Prevenzione. 40(1 Suppl 2):90–92

    Google Scholar 

  29. Fraenkel M, Kim M, Faggiano A et al (2014) Incidence of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: a systematic review of the literature. Endocr Relat Cancer 21(3):R153–R163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fraenkel M, Kim MK, Faggiano A, Valk GD (2012) Epidemiology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 26(6):691–703

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hallet J, Law CH, Cukier M et al (2015) Exploring the rising incidence of neuroendocrine tumors: a population-based analysis of epidemiology, metastatic presentation, and outcomes. Cancer 121(4):589–597

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ellis L, Shale MJ, Coleman MP (2010) Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: trends in incidence in England since 1971. Am J Gastroenterol 105(12):2563–2569

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hauso O, Gustafsson BI, Kidd M et al (2008) Neuroendocrine tumor epidemiology: contrasting Norway and North America. Cancer 113(10):2655–2664

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Buchanan KD, Johnston CF, O’Hare MM et al (1986) Neuroendocrine tumors. A European view. Am J Med 81(6B):14–22

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Watson RG, Johnston CF, O’Hare MM et al (1989) The frequency of gastrointestinal endocrine tumours in a well-defined population-Northern Ireland 1970–1985. Q J Med 72(267):647–657

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Hemminki K, Li X (2001) Incidence trends and risk factors of carcinoid tumors: a nationwide epidemiologic study from Sweden. Cancer 92(8):2204–2210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Westergaard T, Frisch M, Melbye M (1995) Carcinoid tumors in Denmark 1978–1989 and the risk of subsequent cancers. A population-based study. Cancer 76(1):106–109

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Newton JN, Swerdlow AJ, dos Santos Silva IM et al (1994) The epidemiology of carcinoid tumours in England and Scotland. Br J Cancer 70(5):939–942

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Cho MY, Kim JM, Sohn JH et al (2012) Current trends of the incidence and pathological diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) in Korea 2000–2009: multicenter study. Cancer Res Treat 44(3):157–165

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Li AF, Hsu CY, Li A et al (2008) A 35-year retrospective study of carcinoid tumors in Taiwan: differences in distribution with a high probability of associated second primary malignancies. Cancer 112(2):274–283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lim T, Lee J, Kim JJ et al (2011) Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: incidence and treatment outcome in a single institution in Korea. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 7(3):293–299

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Younes RN (2008) Neuroendocrine tumors: a registry of 1,000 patients. Rev Assoc Med Bras 54(4):305–307

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ito T, Sasano H, Tanaka M et al (2010) Epidemiological study of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in Japan. J Gastroenterol 45(2):234–243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Ito T, Igarashi H, Nakamura K et al (2015) Epidemiological trends of pancreatic and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors in Japan: a nationwide survey analysis. J Gastroenterol 50(1):58–64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Garcia-Carbonero R, Capdevila J, Crespo-Herrero G et al (2010) Incidence, patterns of care and prognostic factors for outcome of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs): results from the National Cancer Registry of Spain (RGETNE). Ann Oncol 21(9):1794–1803

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lombard-Bohas C, Mitry E, O’Toole D et al (2009) Thirteen-month registration of patients with gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumours in France. Neuroendocrinology 89(2):217–222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Ploeckinger U, Kloeppel G, Wiedenmann B, Lohmann R (2009) The German NET-registry: an audit on the diagnosis and therapy of neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology 90(4):349–363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Berge T, Linell F (1976) Carcinoid tumour. Frequency in a defined population during a 12-year period. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A 84(4):322–330

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Tsikitis VL, Wertheim BC, Guerrero MA (2012) Trends of incidence and survival of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors in the United States: a SEER analysis. J Cancer 3:292–302

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. National Cancer Institute - Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER). SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975–2004 http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2004

    Google Scholar 

  51. Anlauf M, Garbrecht N, Bauersfeld J et al (2007) Hereditary neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic system. Virchows Arch 451 Suppl 1:S29–S38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Lecumberri PE (2009) Associated gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours to familiar syndromes. Endocrinol Nutr 56 Suppl 2:10–15 [Article in Spanish]

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Crona J, Skogseid B (2016) GEP-NETS UPDATE: Genetics of neuroendocrine tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 174(6):R275–R290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Jensen RT, Berna MJ, Bingham DB, Norton JA (2008) Inherited pancreatic endocrine tumor syndromes: advances in molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and controversies. Cancer 113(7 Suppl):1807–1843

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Modlin IM, Oberg K, Chung DC et al (2008) Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Lancet Oncol 9(1):61–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Hassan MM, Phan A, Li D et al (2008) Risk factors associated with neuroendocrine tumors: A U.S.-based case-control study. Int J Cancer 123(4):867–873

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Leoncini E, Carioli G, La VC et al (2016) Risk factors for neuroendocrine neoplasms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 27(1):68–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Pyo JH, Hong SN, Min BH et al (2016) Evaluation of the risk factors associated with rectal neuroendocrine tumors: a big data analytic study from a health screening center. J Gastroenterol 51(12):1112–1121

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ko SH, Baeg MK, Ko SY, Jung HS (2017) Clinical characteristics, risk factors and outcomes of asymptomatic rectal neuroendocrine tumors. Surg Endosc [Epub ahead of print] doi:10.1007/s00464-016-5413-9

    Google Scholar 

  60. Jung YS, Yun KE, Chang Y et al (2014) Risk factors associated with rectal neuroendocrine tumors: a cross-sectional study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 23(7):1406–1413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Halfdanarson TR, Bamlet WR, McWilliams RR et al (2014) Risk factors for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a clinic-based case-control study. Pancreas 43(8):1219–1222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Haugvik SP, Hedenstrom P, Korsaeth E et al (2015) Diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, and family history of cancer as risk factors for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroendocrinology 101(2):133–142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hallet J, Tsang M, Cheng ES et al (2015) The impact of perioperative red blood cell transfusions on long-term outcomes after hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 22(12):4038–4045

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Pavel M, O’Toole D, Costa F et al (2016) ENETS Consensus guidelines update for the management of distant metastatic disease of intestinal, pancreatic, bronchial neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) and NEN of unknown primary site. Neuroendocrinology 103(2):172–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Sorbye H, Strosberg J, Baudin E et al (2014) Gastroenteropancreatic high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma. Cancer 120(18):2814–2823

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Riihimaki M, Hemminki A, Sundquist K et al (2016) The epidemiology of metastases in neuroendocrine tumors. Int J Cancer 139(12):2679–2686

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Frilling A, Sotiropoulos GC, Li J et al (2010) Multimodal management of neuroendocrine liver metastases. HPB (Oxford) 12(6):361–379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Fischer L, Kleeff J, Esposito I et al (2008) Clinical outcome and long-term survival in 118 consecutive patients with neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas. Br J Surg 95(5):627–635

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Pape UF, Jann H, Muller-Nordhorn J et al (2008) Prognostic relevance of a novel TNM classification system for upper gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer 113(2):256–265

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. La Rosa S, Klersy C, Uccella S et al (2009) Improved histologic and clinicopathologic criteria for prognostic evaluation of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Hum Pathol 40(1):30–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Zerbi A, Falconi M, Rindi G et al (2010) Clinicopathological features of pancreatic endocrine tumors: a prospective multicenter study in Italy of 297 sporadic cases. Am J Gastroenterol 105(6):1421–1429

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Rindi G, Petrone G, Inzani F (2014) The 2010 WHO classification of digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms: a critical appraisal four years after its introduction. Endocr Pathol 25(2):186–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. de Herder WW, Mazzaferro V, Tavecchio L, Wiedenmann B (2010) Multidisciplinary approach for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. Tumori 96(5):833–846

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, S. Eugenio Hospital, Rome, Italy

    Massimo Carlini

Authors
  1. Massimo Carlini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marialuisa Appetecchia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Massimo Carlini .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, S. Eugenio Hospital, Rome, Italy

    Massimo Carlini

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Carlini, M., Appetecchia, M. (2018). Neuroendocrine Tumors: a Nosologic Framework. In: Carlini, M. (eds) Abdominal Neuroendocrine Tumors. Updates in Surgery. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-3955-1_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-3955-1_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-3954-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-3955-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation