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Sfide terapeutiche in medicina critica

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Riassunto

Un paziente traumatizzato di 32 anni è ammesso in pronto soccorso con un trauma cranico grave, lesioni maxillo-facciali, trauma toracico chiuso, frattura aperta del femore e sospetto di ematoma sottocapsulare della milza. Dopo le indagini iniziali, il paziente è trasferito in sala operatoria, dove è operato contemporaneamente dai chirurghi d’urgenza e maxillo-facciali. Venti minuti dopo l’incisione, il paziente sviluppa crescenti pressioni inspiratorie di picco, il volume corrente inizia a diminuire e la saturazione scende. La curva flusso-volume sul monitor mostra una fase espiratoria incompleta; tuttavia, l’auscultazione polmonare è normale. Sospettando un broncospasmo, l’anestesista inizia una terapia broncodilatatoria che, però, non migliora i parametri ventilatori. Su richiesta dell’anestesista, i chirurghi esplorano la cavità orale e notano che il tubo endotracheale è piegato. Dopo aver raddrizzato il tubo, la pressione di picco, i volumi correnti e la saturazione tornano normali. Venti minuti più tardi, la pressione di picco aumenta, i volumi correnti diminuiscono e la saturazione scende di nuovo; questa volta, però, la curva flusso-volume non indica un quadro restrittivo. Invece, l’auscultazione polmonare rivela un murmure vescicolare diminuito a destra. Inoltre, la curva di pressione arteriosa invasiva mostra un importante calo pressorio.L’anestesista attribuisce queste variazioni a un possibile pneumotorace iperteso, forse provocato in precedenza dall’inserimento di una via centrale in vena succlavia destra. Comunica le sue conclusioni ai chirurghi d’urgenza, che inseriscono un drenaggio toracico.

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St.Pierre, M., Hofinger, G., Buerschaper, C., Simon, R., Daroui, I. (2013). Sfide terapeutiche in medicina critica. In: Gestione delle crisi in medicina d’urgenza e terapia intensiva. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2799-2_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2799-2_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-2798-5

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