Skip to main content
  • 420 Accesses

Riassunto

Il termine “medicina non convenzionale” fa riferimento, nell’attuale contesto storico, a un eterogeneo insieme di sistemi di assistenza, procedure e prodotti che riguardano la salute e che non sono considerati parte della “medicina convenzionale” (Eisenberg et al., 1993), quest’ultima definita anche “scientifica”. L’espressione “medicina non convenzionale” è prevalente nel contesto istituzionale europeo (Parlamento Europeo, Risoluzione n. 75 del 29/05/1997; Consiglio d’Europa, Risoluzione n. 1206/1999; citazione da Giarelli et al., 2007) ed è stata adottata in Italia dalla Federazione Nazionale degli Ordini dei Medici Chirurghi e Odontoiatri (FNOMCeO) che ha incluso in tale definizione agopuntura, omeopatia, fitoterapia, medicina antroposofica, medicina ayurvedica, omotossicologia, medicina tradizionale cinese, osteopatia e chiropratica come “atti di esclusiva competenza medica” (FNOMCeO, 2002). Altri termini sono usati in quest’ambito. Per esempio, quello di “medicina tradizionale” che fa riferimento a tradizioni di cura locale, spesso ufficialmente riconosciute nei Paesi d’origine (per esempio la “medicina tradizionale cinese” che comprende l’agopuntura). Molto diffuso è anche il termine “medicina alternativa”, che può essere fatto risalire soprattutto al pensiero di Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843), fondatore dell’omeopatia, che si opponeva alla “medicina convenzionale” del tempo (“medicina allopatica”) (Whorton, 2004). Il termine attualmente più diffuso nella letteratura scientifica internazionale è “medicina alternativa e complementare” (Complementary and Alternative Medicine, CAM); dove il termine “complementare” sta a significare che i diversi modelli “alternativi” non si pongono solo a sostituzione della “medicina convenzionale/scientifica” (MCS) (NCCAM, 2011). Ciò è espressione del tentativo di promuovere un’integrazione tra CAM e MCS (Beijing Declaration, World Health Organization, 2008). Di qui anche la denominazione “medicina integrata” (Giarelli et al., 2007).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Letture consigliate

  • Abbagnano N (1990) Dizionario di filosofia. UTET, Torino, p. 582

    Google Scholar 

  • Angell M, Kassirer JP (1998) Alternative medicine — the risks of untested and unregulated remedies. N Engl J Med 339:839–841

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Apel A, Greim B, König N, Zettl UK (2004) The role of coping and depression in utilisation of complementary and alternative medicine by multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 10:138–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Apel A, Greim B, König N, Zettl UK (2006) Frequency of current utilization of complementary and alternative medicine by patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 253:1331–1336

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Astin JA (1998) Why patients use alternative medicine. JAMA 279:1548–1553

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker D, Pryce G, Croxford JL et al (2000) Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model. Nature 404:84–87

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgeault IL (1996) Physicians’ attitudes toward patients’ use of alternative cancer therapies. Can Med Assoc J 155:1679–1685

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowling AC (2007) Complementary and alternative medicine and multiple sclerosis, 2nd edn. Demos Medical Publishing, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown J, Stewart M, McCracken E et al (1986) The patient-centred clinical method. 2. Definition and application. Fam Pract 3:75–79

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charles C, Whelan T, Gafni A (1999) What do we mean by partnership in making decisions about treatment? BMJ 319:780–782

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawkins R (2003) A Devil’s Chaplain. Houghton Mifflin, Boston (traduzione italiana: Il cappellaio del diavolo. Raffaello Cortina Editore, Milano, 2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Petta G (2008) Io e tu: fenomenologia dell’incontro. Omaggio al prof. Bruno Callieri per il suo ottantacinquesimo anno. Volume 1 di Fenomenologia psicopatologia psicoterapia. Edizioni Universitarie Romane, Roma

    Google Scholar 

  • Drivdahl CE, Miser WF (1998) The use of alternative health care by a family practice population. J Am Board Fam Pract 11:193–199

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg DM, Kessler RC, Van Rompay MI et al (1993). Unconventional medicine in the United States. Prevalence, costs, and patterns of use. N Engl J Med 328:246–252

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst E (2000) The role of complementary and alternative medicine. BMJ 321:1133–1135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • FNOMCeO-Federazione Nazionale degli Ordini dei Medici Chirurghi e Odontoiatri, a cura della Commissione per le pratiche alternative (1999) Dal primato della medicina scientifica al confronte con le pratiche alternative. Rivista SIMG n. 2 (http://www.simg.it/default2.asp?active _page_id=282- ultimo accesso 1 ottobre 2010)

  • FNOMCeO-Federazione Nazionale degli Ordini dei Medici Chirurghi e Odontoiatri (2002) Le linee guida della FNOMCeO sulle medicine e pratiche non convenzionali. La Professione 5/6:5

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontanarosa PB, Lundberg GD (1998) Alternative medicine meets science. JAMA 280:1618–1619

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fryze W, Mirowska-Guzel D, Wiszniewska M et al (2006) Alternative methods of treatment used by multiple sclerosis patients in Poland. Neurol Neurochir Pol 40:386–390

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giarelli G, Roberti di Sarsina P, Silvestrini B (2007) Le medicine non convenzionali in Italia. Franco Angeli, Milano

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorello G (1975) Filosofia della scienza e storia della scienza nella cultura di lingua inglese. In: Geymonat L (ed) Storia del pensiero filosofico e scientifico. Garzanti, Milano. Ristampa 1983, p. 309

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhalgh T (1999) Narrative based medicine in an evidence based world. BMJ 318:323–325

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz S (2011a) CAM interventions for multiple sclerosis: Part 1-Diet and supplements for relieving symptoms. Altern Complement Ther 17:156–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz S (2011b) CAM Interventions for multiple sclerosis: Part 2-Integrative nondietary approaches. Altern Complement Ther 17:214–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen KJ, Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC (2009) Divine intervention? A Cochrane review on intercessory prayer gone beyond science and reason. J Negat Results Biomed 8:7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kappos L, Gold R, Miller DH et al (2008) Efficacy and safety of oral fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. Lancet 372(9648):1463–1472

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koopman BG, Blasband RA (2002) Distant healing revisited: time for a new epistemology. Altern Ther Health Med 8:100–101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kousmine C (1994) La sclerosi a placche non è inguaribile. Tecniche Nuove, Milano

    Google Scholar 

  • Levenstein JH, McCracken EC, McWhinney IR et al (1986) The patient-centred clinical method. 1. A model for the doctor-patient interaction in family medicine. Fam Pract 3:24–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linde K, Clausius N, Ramirez G et al (1997) Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Lancet 350:834–843. Erratum in Lancet 1998;351:220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McQuay HJ, Moore RA (2005) Placebo. Postgrad Med J 81:155–160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menniti-Ippolito F, Bologna E, Gargiulo L et al (2004) Caratteristiche individuali e familiari degli utilizzatori di terapie non convenzionali in Italia. Ann Ist Super Sanità 40:455–461

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nahin RL, Straus SE (2001) Research into CAM: problems and potential. BMJ 322:161–164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NCCAM-National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, US National Institutes of Health (2011) What Is Complementary and Alternative Medicine? http://www.nccam.nih.gov/ health/whatiscam (ultimo accesso 13 settembre 2011)

  • Novotna A, Mares J, Ratcliffe S et al (2011) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, enriched-design study of nabiximols (Sativex®), as add-on therapy, in subjects with refractory spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 18:1122–1131

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrino ED, Thomasma DC (1988) For the patient’s good. The restoration of beneficence in health care. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Pucci E, Cartechini E, Taus C, Giuliani G (2004) Why physicians need to look more closely at the use of complementary and alternative medicine by multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Neurol 11:263–267

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sackett DL Rosenberg WMC, Gray JAM et al (1996) Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ 312:71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt K, Jacobs PA, Barton A (2002) Cross-cultural differences in GP’s attitudes towards complementary and alternative medicine: a survey comparing regions of the UK and Germany. Complement Ther Med 10:141–147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shang A, Huwiler-Müntener K, Nartey L et al (2005) Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy. Lancet 350:834–843

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinto L, Yadav V, Morris C et al (2006) Demographic and health-related factors associated with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 12: 94–100

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smolders J, Hupperts R, Barkhof F et al (2011) multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Neurol Sci 311:44–49

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stenager E, Stenager EN, Knudsen L, Jensen K (1995) The use of non-medical/alternative treatment in multiple sclerosis. A 5 year follow-up study. Acta Neurol Belg 95:18–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tremlett H, Fu P, Yoshida E, Hashimoto S (2011) Symptomatic liver injury (hepatotoxicity) associated with administration of complementary and alternative products (Ayurveda-AP-Mag Capsules®) in a beta-interferon-treated multiple sclerosis patient. Eur J Neurol 18:78–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang T, Collet JP, Shapiro S, Ware MA (2008) Adverse effects of medical cannabinoids: a systematic review. CMAJ 178:1669–1678

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whorton JC (2004) Nature cures: the history of alternative medicine in America. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Woo JJ (2007) Adverse event monitoring and multivitamin-multimineral dietary supplements. Am J Clin Nutr 85:323S–324S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization-WHO (2008) Beijing Declaration. Adopted by the WHO. Congress on Traditional Medicine, Beijing, China, 8 November 2008. http://www.wpro.who.int/china/sites/hsd/beijing_declaration.htm (ultimo accesso 3 ottobre 2011)

  • Yadav V, Shinto L, Bourdette D (2010) Complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 6:381–395

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zajicek J, Fox P, Sanders H (2003) Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 362:1517–1526

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zollman C, Vickers A (1999) ABC of complementary medicine. What is complementary medicine? BMJ 319:693–696

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. Pucci .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pucci, E. (2013). Terapie non convenzionali. In: Bonino, S. (eds) Aspetti psicologici nella sclerosi multipla. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2724-4_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics